Case Assignment- Critical Thinking - Basic Concepts of Quantitative Assignment

Case - Critical Thinking - Basic Concepts of Quantitative Reasoning; Hypothesis Formulation - Assignment Example This enabled the researchers to collect close ended data, which are easily analyzed by use of quantitative software (Biggs, 1987). The results turned out that in terms of demographic differences, there were no significant differences between dropouts and persistent learners. The area of differentiation was however with regards to perception of family and organizational support where it was determined that persistent group displayed higher perception. The findings conclude that as far as online learning is concerned, external factors that has to do with the kind of support a learner gets influence the rate of completion of course than internal and demographic factors. The organization of the study made it highly easier to follow and understand (Osborn, 2001). The study was also self explanatory and did not contain any technicalities that are difficult to

The reassessment of security issues and their impacts on Adventure Essay

The reassessment of security issues and their impacts on Adventure Works business processes - Essay Example In order to promote business on the web requires certain security measures and a fail / safe network environment. After reviewing, the factors that may disrupt organization services are identified below: No Security Policy Defined No Protection of critical Assets on the network No proper data backup policy Moreover, some critical issues or weaknesses that may influence an organization’s business operations need to be addressed on an urgent basis. The top rated issues are: {Security Issue No 1}: No data backup policy defined {Security Issue No 2}: No Disaster recovery plan defined {Security Issue No 3}: No Support for Server requiring 100% uptime {Security Issue No 4}: No IP surveillance for critical server {Security Issue No 5}: In sufficient security for LAN It is vital for Adventure Works to overcome these issues as soon as possible, as these vulnerabilities will directly affect the business operations of the organization. Creating Security Policy As there is no security pol icy defined currently for Adventure Works, the new security policy will illustrate the implementation procedures of security controls that are identified by analyzing the current network and business practices. {Security Issue No 1}: As the organization is maintaining Entity Resource Planning and Customer Relationship Management Server that are considered as core servers may face loss of data or server crash that may result in halting the services. Adventure Works is dependent on these servers, as these servers process most of the paperless work, creating a backup on a regular basis is essential. Recommendation: In order to incorporate a mirror of these servers, disk-mirroring techniques using RAID is recommended. As RAID will synchronize the data on two servers simultaneously, if any one of the server stops responding, the other service will be triggered to ‘primary operation’ mode. {Security Issue No 2}: As one of the branches of Adventure Works is in Mexico, there is a possibility of an earthquake. The impact of earthquake may create disrupt the overall operation of an organization’s network, as well as loss of data. Recommendation: Relocating the instance of critical server data on a different location may be a better choice. In that case, if an earthquake affects Adventure Works network seriously, the data can be extracted from the second location. {Security Issue No 3}: As the core servers of Adventure Works are CRM and ERP, there is a requirement of making their availability 24/7. Moreover, an alternate connectivity is also required that may make them operational if the primary network access is not available due to some issues in a switch. Recommendation: in order to ensure stable power supply, a Power over Ethernet technology is recommended. A comprehensive definition is available in network dictionary, which states as â€Å"Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology describes any system to transmit electrical power, along with data, to remote devices over standard twisted-pair cables in an Ethernet network. This technology is useful for powering IP telephones, wireless LAN access points, webcams, Ethernet hubs, computers, and other appliances where it would be inconvenient or infeasible to supply power separately.† Moreover, the network engineer can rout a dedicated alternate network connection for making the server operational. {Security Issue

Synthesis of Chloropentaamminecobalt (iii) Chloride

Synthesis of Chloropentaamminecobalt (iii) Chloride Introduction Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt in 1735 interestingly the name Cobalt originates form the German word Kobald which means goblin or evil spirit. The original use of cobalt was value to early civilisation of Egypt for colouring glass blue. Alfred Werner was a pioneer in coordination Chemistry determined the isomer cobalt (III) hexamine chloride. Experimental Ammonium chloride (1.306g) was dissolved in concentrate ammonia solution (10.5cm3) forming a colourless solution. Colablt(II)chloride hexahydrate (2.494g) was added in small portions with t stirring producing a muddy liquid with a dark precipitate. 27% Hydrogen peroxide (2.25cm3) was added using a dropping pipette with constant stirring. A small amount of heat and effervescence (bubbling) was visible. Once the reaction has stopped and a dark red solution was formed to which Concentrate Hydrochloric acid (10cm3) was added very slowly with constant stirring. A large amount of heat was released and a white gas was given off forming a dark pink solution. This solution was heated for 18mins before being cooled in ice forming dark pink precipitate. The solution was filtered and washed with dilute hydrochloric acid (5cm3) ethanol (5cm3) and acetone (5.5cm3). Once dry the crystals (1.447g %) were transferred to an open sample vial and dried in a desiccator for a week. A portion of this product (g) was dissolved in Dilute ammonia (10cm3), water (40cm3) was added. The solution was heated (15 mins) forming a clear red solution. Concentrate Hydrochloric acid ( 10cm3) was added followed by Ammonium chloride (1.00g) forming a orange solution. The resulting solution was heated for a further 25mins. COLOURS . Solution was cooled in ice and the product filtered off and washed with hydrochloric acid (5cm3) ethanol (5cm3) and acetone (5.5cm3). Forming 0.g %) Ammonium chloride(5.02g), Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate(1.396g) and Sodium Iodide (0.192g) were dissolved Water (10cm3) producing a deep pink purple colour. Powdered iodine (0.718g) was added forming a colour. Concentrate Ammonia (5.2cm3) was added with stirring forming a light muddy brown grey then turned greyer on after a further 30mins of stirring. The resulting solution was left to stand for 1 min and then the liquid was decanted off, water (20cm3) was added and decanted off and then Ethanol (20cm3). The resulting precipitate was dried under suction with further Ethanol washings (15cm3) producing (1.404g %) Ammonium Chloride (1.0g) was dissolved in Boling water (3.5cm3). Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (1.548g) was added producing a deep royal blue solution. Charcoal (?0.75g) was added turning the solution grey black. The solution was cooled in an ice bath to 5oC and Concentrate Ammonia (4.5cm3) was added in small portions over 3 mins. Hydrogen peroxide (23% vol) (4cm3) was added in portions over 5 mins. The solution was then heated to 60oC for 1 min. The solution was re cooled to 3oC in an ice bath. The black oily precipitate was filtered under suction before being added to Boiling water (12cm3). Concentrate Hydrochloric acid (0.5cm3) was added and then the solution filtered. Concentrate Hydrochloric acid (2cm3) was added to the filtrate (liquid) and the solution cooled in ice. The resulting orange precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone (10cm3) producing (0.444g %) Results and discussion Equations ΔM= Molar Conductivity (S m2 mol L-1) = Measured conductivity (units S m-1) c = Concentration (units mol m3) A mol L-1 = A x100 mol m3 A  µS cm-1= (A /10000) S m-1 n=M/Mr n= Moles M= Mass (units grams) Mr = Molecular weight n= C x V n = moles C = Concentration (units mol L-1) V= Volume (L) 100cm3= 0.1L Preparation of Chloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloride Ammonium chloride +Ammonia+ Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate à   Chloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloride NH4Cl + CoCl2.6H2O + NH3 à   [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Calculation of Concentration of Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride in 100cm3 volumetric flask n=M/Mr M= 0.1100g Mr Chloropentaaminecobalt(III) chloride = 267.4762 n = 0.1100/267.4762 n= 4.112543110-4 n=CV 4.1125431 x10-4= C x 0.1 C= 4.1125 x10-3mol L-1 à   0.41125 mol m3 Conductivity = 1286 µS à   0.1286 S m-1 S m2 mol L-1 Preparation of iodopentaaminecobalt(III) chloride Iodine + Cobalt(II) Chloride hexahydrate + Ammonia+ Ammonium chloride à  Iodopenaaminecobalt(III) chloride I2 + CoCl2.6H2O + NH4Cl + NH3 à   [Co(NH3)5I]Cl2 n=M/Mr M= 0.0934g Mr iodopentaaminecobalt(III) chloride = 341.90 n = 0.0934/341.90 n= 2.73179 x10-4 n=CV 2.7317910-4= C x 0.1 C= 2.7317929 x10-3mol L-1 à   0.27317929 mol m3 Conductivity = 1137 µS à   0.1137 S m-1 S m2 mol L-1 Preparation of hexaaminecobalt(III) chloride Ammonium chloride + Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate +Ammoniaà   Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride. NH4Cl + CoCl2.6H2O+ NH3 à   Co(NH3)6]Cl3 n=M/Mr M= 0.1010g Mr Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride =267.4762 n = 0.1010/267.4762 n= 3.776036896 x10-4 n=CV 3.776036896 x10-4= C x 0.1 C= 3.776036896 x10-3mol L-1 à   0.3776036896 mol m3 Conductivity = 1720 µS à   0.1720 S m-1 S m2 mol L-1

The Battle Between Heart and Conscience in Mark Twains Huckleberry Fin

The Battle Between Heart and Conscience in Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Society can have a huge impact on an individual's moral growth. Sometimes the impact is positive but other times the learned habits and set morals of society have a negative effect. In Mark Twain's novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character, Huck, struggles with what society teaches him and with what he knows to be good and true. During different conflicts concerning either the king and duke, various women or Jim, Huck's sound heart wins the battle over his conscience, which the reader knows to be ill-formed. Right from the first time Huck hears the story of the king and duke's amazing pasts Huck knows, "these liars warn't no kings nor dukes at all" (Twain 166). However, Huck also does not want to make any trouble so he goes along with the lie. Society may have taught Huck's conscience that lying is wrong but in this case the truth would have caused unnecessary danger and havoc. Another time that Huck sees right through the king and duke, is during the Wilks' inheritance situa...

Amanco Case Study Essay

Is the Amanco strategy an example of â€Å"corporate social responsibility† or â€Å"corporate self-interest†? Amanco’s strategy is an example of corporate social responsibility. Amanco came from a group who self-regulated social responsibility into its business model. Amanco’s business model is also self-regulated and has opportunity to be recognized as a company with social concerns. It almost cannot be seen as a corporate self-interest, because Amanco addressed every step of their operation. They employed a birth-to-grave approach when looking at the effects it had on the social well-being of the people and the environment. Why has Roberto Salas chosen to develop a strategy map and Balanced Scorecard to represent Amanco’s triple bottom line objectives? He chose to develop this strategic map, so that his top, middle, and bottom manager can understand the directions that the company wants to go it. By developing this map, it is easier to adapt this strategy in the different regions and business units. Why did Salas choose to modify the traditional strategy map/BSC format? Salas didn’t think that the traditional strategy map clearly presented the triple bottom line concepts as a foundation for any value creation and competitive advantage. He thought by modifying the map, it would make it a clearer and more logical representation of the company’s strategy. What challenges does Salas face with implementing Amanco’s strategy? Salas’s challenges will be getting the right people to champion such a strategy. This falls a little into the Red Strategy of getting the right people, who understands, and buys into the strategy. The problem doesn’t just lie with the people, but also with the different rules and regulations, and the languages in the different countries. Trying to standardize the strategy would be a huge challenge, but it sounds like the created Local SSCs first and tried to link it back to the company’s SSC. In what ways is Amanco following a ‘yellow’ strategy? Amanco is a yellow strategy company, since they look to be considerate of the people. Their purpose and practice goes a long way in making sure that their actions address the needs of its community. Things like product awareness; they adapted a birth-to-grave approach on their products, vetting each step in the cycle to make sure that their outputs weren’t detrimental to the community. With the people, they started within, in ensuring that their employees were taken care of.

Burgess’s Comment on Society in A Clockwork Orange

The decade in which post-war social change is felt to have been concentrated is the 1960s. This is certainly a simplification, but it does help pinpoint some of the more dramatic changes that may have been longer in the making. For example, one of the key social changes of the 1960s is the emergence of ‘youth culture'. The sense of a newly empowered sector of society is conveyed principally by the new spending power of young people, and the emergence of mainstream youth-related cultural forms, especially pop music, that quickly become significant components of the economy.The most memorable fictional treatment of youth culture in the 1960s, however, puts a very different construction on the changing balance of power. In A Clockwork Orange (1962) Anthony Burgess isolates the tribal, antisocial elements of youth culture in a dystopian fable of violence as leisure. On the surface A Clockwork Orange is a novel about juvenile delinquents in a near-future Britain, but on a deeper lev el it is a novel about conditioning and free will.Even the parboiled paternalism of the Empire and the synthetic socialism of the welfare state had still apparently left room – though not much – for a dialogue between the individual and society and had kept alive discussions as to what was right and what was wrong with England. Now what had been the issue was exacted from the sensibilities of those who, glutted physically and socially, lived under what amounted to a deadening hedonism.It must have seemed only logical to Burgess, after exploring the dialectics of the single and collective mind, that the problem of the novelist was to probe its metaphysics- to see how the naked needs of his rebel anti-heroes could be met in a mad, lost, loveless, brutal, sterile world. Alex, the gross product of welfare state overkill, is not depraved because he is deprived but because he is indulged. â€Å"Myself,† he notes rather pathetically at the beginning of A Clockwork Oran ge, â€Å"I couldn't help a bit of disappointment at things as they were those days. Nothing to fight against really.Everything as easy as kiss-my-sharries† (Burgess 11). Alex's utopia is more than the result of self-gratification; it is the consequence of the â€Å"original sin† inborn with every offspring of modern organizational leviathans. Having discovered that existence has always meant freedom, but never having been taught â€Å"goodness,† Alex responds predictably and inevitably to the killing burden of choice. Alex took on the status of a heavy metal hero, psychologically lobotomized by an insensitive society. Alex's tone is consistently bright, breezy, humorous, cynical, confident, and amoral, as is Alex himself.This is the opening of his story: â€Å"What's it going to be then, eh? There was me, that is Alex, and my three droogs† (Burgess 5). It is a book focusing on â€Å"the chance to be good† and proceeding from a single, significant existential dilemma: Is an evil human being with free choice preferable to a good zombie without it? Indeed, at two points in the novel Burgess spells out the dilemma for us. On one occasion, Alex, about to submit to conditioning, is admonished by the prison chaplain: â€Å"It may not be nice to be good, little 6655321. It may be horrible to be good. . . . Does God want goodness or the choice of goodness?Is a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some ways better than a man who has the good imposed upon him? . . . A terrible terrible thing to consider. And yet, in a sense, in choosing to be deprived of the ability to make an ethical choice, you have in a sense really chosen the good† (Burgess 96). And on the other, the unwitting F. Alexander, with whom Alex finds sanctuary temporarily, similarly remarks: â€Å"You've sinned, I suppose, but your punishment has been out of all proportion. They have turned you into something other than a human being. You have no power of choice an y longer.You are committed to socially acceptable acts, a little machine capable only of good. . . . But the essential intention is the real sin. A man who cannot choose ceases to be a man† (Burgess 153-54). Yet, were this all Burgess had to say on the matter, the impetus of the dilemma would lose substantially in force. Society at large has never troubled itself with the existential agony (unless to repress some manifestation of it), and judging from the preponderance of sentiment abroad today, it would undoubtedly applaud the conditioning process that champions stability over freedom.But Burgess has found inhering in the central dilemma considerations even more immediate. What distinctions between good and evil are possible in the contemporary world? As absolutes, have such distinctions not been totally perverted or obliterated? And as relative terms, depending for definition on what each negates or excludes, have they not become purely subjective? In a technically perfect s ociety that has sapped our vitality for constructive choice, we are, whether choosing good or evil, zombies of one sort or another: Each of us is a little clockwork orange making up the whole of one great clockwork orange.Burgess blames the excesses of human nature on a repressive society that corrupts its citizens – and primarily its youth – by restricting their liberty and force – feeding them outmoded values. Thus, their natural rebellion gets out of hand and only leads to more repression. The result is the satirical picture of a society moving towards an ever more repressive future. Burgess foresees a social trend toward increasing state/government control of individual lives, culminating in a political system which hires thugs as police and condones brain-washing techniques to ‘reform’ criminals.Youth violence has reached an extreme which is clearly fantastic; the failure of the adult world to prevent/control/ reform youth-as-psychopathic-condi tion reaches an equally blackly humorous extreme. For example, on April 19, 1989, a young banker, walking in Central Park, was raped and left to die. The police soon caught a group of Harlem teens and charged them with gang rape. â€Å"Wilding – the newest term for terror in a city that lives in fear,† wrote the New York Post on April 22 (Hancock 38). I think term â€Å"Wilding† defined by the Post writers can be referred to the violent raves in A Clockwork Orange.In Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange political pragmatism reigns: venal politicians grasp at sure and easy ways to erase crime; the police are as violent as the criminals they battle; political reformers are prepared to destroy ‘victims’ like Alex in their attempts to bring down the government. These mainstream social/ political structures try, but fail, to reduce Alex to ‘a clockwork orange’. Works Cited Burgess, Anthony. A Clockwork Orange. New York: Norton, 1963. Hancock, Lynnell. â€Å"Wolf Pack: The Press and the Central Park Jogger. † Columbia Journalism Review. Vol. : 41, 5 January-February 2003, 38. Burgess’s Comment on Society in A Clockwork Orange The decade in which post-war social change is felt to have been concentrated is the 1960s. This is certainly a simplification, but it does help pinpoint some of the more dramatic changes that may have been longer in the making. For example, one of the key social changes of the 1960s is the emergence of ‘youth culture'. The sense of a newly empowered sector of society is conveyed principally by the new spending power of young people, and the emergence of mainstream youth-related cultural forms, especially pop music, that quickly become significant components of the economy.The most memorable fictional treatment of youth culture in the 1960s, however, puts a very different construction on the changing balance of power. In A Clockwork Orange (1962) Anthony Burgess isolates the tribal, antisocial elements of youth culture in a dystopian fable of violence as leisure. On the surface A Clockwork Orange is a novel about juvenile delinquents in a near-future Britain, but on a deeper lev el it is a novel about conditioning and free will.Even the parboiled paternalism of the Empire and the synthetic socialism of the welfare state had still apparently left room – though not much – for a dialogue between the individual and society and had kept alive discussions as to what was right and what was wrong with England. Now what had been the issue was exacted from the sensibilities of those who, glutted physically and socially, lived under what amounted to a deadening hedonism.It must have seemed only logical to Burgess, after exploring the dialectics of the single and collective mind, that the problem of the novelist was to probe its metaphysics- to see how the naked needs of his rebel anti-heroes could be met in a mad, lost, loveless, brutal, sterile world. Alex, the gross product of welfare state overkill, is not depraved because he is deprived but because he is indulged. â€Å"Myself,† he notes rather pathetically at the beginning of A Clockwork Oran ge, â€Å"I couldn't help a bit of disappointment at things as they were those days. Nothing to fight against really.Everything as easy as kiss-my-sharries† (Burgess 11). Alex's utopia is more than the result of self-gratification; it is the consequence of the â€Å"original sin† inborn with every offspring of modern organizational leviathans. Having discovered that existence has always meant freedom, but never having been taught â€Å"goodness,† Alex responds predictably and inevitably to the killing burden of choice. Alex took on the status of a heavy metal hero, psychologically lobotomized by an insensitive society. Alex's tone is consistently bright, breezy, humorous, cynical, confident, and amoral, as is Alex himself.This is the opening of his story: â€Å"What's it going to be then, eh? There was me, that is Alex, and my three droogs† (Burgess 5). It is a book focusing on â€Å"the chance to be good† and proceeding from a single, significant existential dilemma: Is an evil human being with free choice preferable to a good zombie without it? Indeed, at two points in the novel Burgess spells out the dilemma for us. On one occasion, Alex, about to submit to conditioning, is admonished by the prison chaplain: â€Å"It may not be nice to be good, little 6655321. It may be horrible to be good. . . . Does God want goodness or the choice of goodness?Is a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some ways better than a man who has the good imposed upon him? . . . A terrible terrible thing to consider. And yet, in a sense, in choosing to be deprived of the ability to make an ethical choice, you have in a sense really chosen the good† (Burgess 96). And on the other, the unwitting F. Alexander, with whom Alex finds sanctuary temporarily, similarly remarks: â€Å"You've sinned, I suppose, but your punishment has been out of all proportion. They have turned you into something other than a human being. You have no power of choice an y longer.You are committed to socially acceptable acts, a little machine capable only of good. . . . But the essential intention is the real sin. A man who cannot choose ceases to be a man† (Burgess 153-54). Yet, were this all Burgess had to say on the matter, the impetus of the dilemma would lose substantially in force. Society at large has never troubled itself with the existential agony (unless to repress some manifestation of it), and judging from the preponderance of sentiment abroad today, it would undoubtedly applaud the conditioning process that champions stability over freedom.But Burgess has found inhering in the central dilemma considerations even more immediate. What distinctions between good and evil are possible in the contemporary world? As absolutes, have such distinctions not been totally perverted or obliterated? And as relative terms, depending for definition on what each negates or excludes, have they not become purely subjective? In a technically perfect s ociety that has sapped our vitality for constructive choice, we are, whether choosing good or evil, zombies of one sort or another: Each of us is a little clockwork orange making up the whole of one great clockwork orange.Burgess blames the excesses of human nature on a repressive society that corrupts its citizens – and primarily its youth – by restricting their liberty and force – feeding them outmoded values. Thus, their natural rebellion gets out of hand and only leads to more repression. The result is the satirical picture of a society moving towards an ever more repressive future. Burgess foresees a social trend toward increasing state/government control of individual lives, culminating in a political system which hires thugs as police and condones brain-washing techniques to ‘reform’ criminals.Youth violence has reached an extreme which is clearly fantastic; the failure of the adult world to prevent/control/ reform youth-as-psychopathic-condi tion reaches an equally blackly humorous extreme. For example, on April 19, 1989, a young banker, walking in Central Park, was raped and left to die. The police soon caught a group of Harlem teens and charged them with gang rape. â€Å"Wilding – the newest term for terror in a city that lives in fear,† wrote the New York Post on April 22 (Hancock 38). I think term â€Å"Wilding† defined by the Post writers can be referred to the violent raves in A Clockwork Orange.In Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange political pragmatism reigns: venal politicians grasp at sure and easy ways to erase crime; the police are as violent as the criminals they battle; political reformers are prepared to destroy ‘victims’ like Alex in their attempts to bring down the government. These mainstream social/ political structures try, but fail, to reduce Alex to ‘a clockwork orange’. Works Cited Burgess, Anthony. A Clockwork Orange. New York: Norton, 1963. Hancock, Lynnell. â€Å"Wolf Pack: The Press and the Central Park Jogger. † Columbia Journalism Review. Vol. : 41, 5 January-February 2003, 38.

Free Essays on College Essay

My name is Nicole. I am a senior, living in Bricktown, New Jersey. Thinking back to life as a freshman makes me realize how many things have changed. My social and emotional growth has been affected by many factors. I think my family, and the experiences I’ve had growing up, have had the most significant influence on my sense of values. During my early years I was totally dependent on my parents. I also needed social and moral guidance. I was born into a single parent family 17 years ago. My mother and I had the love and support of my grandparents and four uncles. I realize now, each and every day, how lucky we are to have them in our lives. Being an only child I felt extremely well cared for. I was spoiled with love and affection. For years I did not have to compete for my mothers time or attention. When my mother married in 1993 when I was 9 years old. It was a very difficult time for me. I felt that Bob was invading our lives. He loved me like his own and adopted me shortly after. It took years for our relationship to grow. Lots of love, patience, and caring, eventually led to my love of my new dad. Heredity and environmental influences determine personalities. I tested many different kinds of behavior on people closest to me. As I became more social I wanted to imitate friends, adults, characters on TV, in movies, or that I read about in books. Friends sometimes seemed more important than schoolwork, hobbies, sports, or other activities. Friendships are an important aspect of everyone’s life. For me, they have been a source of both pleasure and frustration. Friends have allowed me to experience myself as a leader and follower, a winner and loser, and as an equal. Mutual respect between friends has been very important. I learned the negative aspects of friendships, as well as the positive ones. Through trial and error I have gradually come to understand the complexities of friendship. Lik... Free Essays on College Essay Free Essays on College Essay A quality that I possess which allows me to contribute to the university community is the ability to adapt to a new environment. My father’s occupation required us to move at a moment’s notice. I developed a skill for adapting to new surroundings. I was two years old when my father’s bank transferred him from Brazil to the Cayman Islands. I quickly began speaking English and Portuguese, becoming bilingual by five. With a sudden turn of events, my father’s bank asked him to return to Brazil after three years in Cayman. In Brazil, I attended a new school with a completely different culture and environment. Fortunately, I rapidly made friends and acclimatized to my new life. My newly formed friendships were short-lived, however. After spending one year in Brasil, my father was once again relocated to the Cayman Islands. Again, I attended a new school and made new friends. My Brazilian culture easily blended in with the relaxed Caymanian culture. For the next nine years I indulged in the easy-going island lifestyle. After my freshman year of high school, I moved to Tampa, FL in hopes of making tennis a career. I roomed with others from all over the world that shared the same goal I did. My roommates became my best friends but we parted after one year. They left for college while I came to Miami. I enrolled in my third high school in just as many years. Once again, I made new friends and adapted to my new environment. Since I had multicultural experiences, and Miami is culturally diverse, it only made sense that I fit without difficulties. In college, I hope to increase my cultural knowledge and share what I have learned with others.... Free Essays on College Essay As far as I can remember, the words â€Å"knowledge is priceless,† had always seemed to come out of my mother. Perhaps it was due to my lack of interest in school all the way up until the end of high school, or perhaps it was from her own experience, of knowing how harsh life can be without an education. The words had always slipped through my mind though, and after high school, I had moved down to Virginia Beach where I had worked as a telemarketer for almost a year. In November of 2001, my mother, who still remained in New Jersey, had decided to take me to India. I had spent almost five months in India, which were the most life changing five months that could have ever happened to me. Looking at all of the poverty and children that could not afford an education, I realized that I was taking advantage of the opportunities that were given to me in America. I decided to come back to America and change my life for the better. My interest was mainly in business, and I had intentions of becoming a financial analyst and later an investment banker. I moved back to New Jersey in March of 2002 hoping to enroll into Camden County College. The next semester that I was eligible for was the summer semester which did not start until the end of May. So in the meantime, I had worked at Eckerd Pharmacy as a pharmacy technician. With work and school, I pushed my self to finish 12 credits over the summer with a GPA of 3.25. In August, I realized that I wanted to aim higher and dedicate myself only to school. In the fall semester of 2002 I had taken 15 credits and finished with a GPA of 4.0 and my name had been published on the president’s honor list. Today I maintain a cumulative GPA of 3.67 and I am striving to finish, as well as I did in the fall, in this spring semester. My goal is to take two more classes in the summer and hopefully start attending Temple University in the Fall of 2003. As of today, I now know that my mother had alw... Free Essays on College Essay As I stepped off the plane at the age of five, I knew I had reached "the land of opportunity" I knew I had reached the place where anything was possible, and the opportunities endless, that was the way my mom would describe the United States to us. She would empasize the fact that hard work would pay off. Even though she was raisin six children she gave us all the same amount of attention. When it was time to attend school, my twin brother and i didnt know a word of English. As a result we were placed in bilingual classes. We were always taught to do our best, for this reason, by the time we had reached the third grade we were already speaking Enlgish, and in mainstream classes. Then we were in the seventh grade, we were well past the English barrier and were on our way to mastering the language. When we reached the high school level everything was different. We got right in to our studies. The first thing my twin brother and i did was to join the football team and i went on be elected freshmen class treasure. I was ready for the challenges that would be presented to me in high school. I took many computer courses which i believe will aid me in my pursuit for a career in the computer i ndustry. I got my first job when i was 15 at a super market. Then i went on to work with children at a summer camp. My responsibilities included organizing sport activities and look after the children. I believe that my experiences as an immigrant in the United States and my work ethics have helped prepare me for what lies ahead in the future. In retrospect I have decided to improve upon my past performances so I can realize graduation and placement in a good four year undergraduate program.... Free Essays on College Essay My name is Nicole. I am a senior, living in Bricktown, New Jersey. Thinking back to life as a freshman makes me realize how many things have changed. My social and emotional growth has been affected by many factors. I think my family, and the experiences I’ve had growing up, have had the most significant influence on my sense of values. During my early years I was totally dependent on my parents. I also needed social and moral guidance. I was born into a single parent family 17 years ago. My mother and I had the love and support of my grandparents and four uncles. I realize now, each and every day, how lucky we are to have them in our lives. Being an only child I felt extremely well cared for. I was spoiled with love and affection. For years I did not have to compete for my mothers time or attention. When my mother married in 1993 when I was 9 years old. It was a very difficult time for me. I felt that Bob was invading our lives. He loved me like his own and adopted me shortly after. It took years for our relationship to grow. Lots of love, patience, and caring, eventually led to my love of my new dad. Heredity and environmental influences determine personalities. I tested many different kinds of behavior on people closest to me. As I became more social I wanted to imitate friends, adults, characters on TV, in movies, or that I read about in books. Friends sometimes seemed more important than schoolwork, hobbies, sports, or other activities. Friendships are an important aspect of everyone’s life. For me, they have been a source of both pleasure and frustration. Friends have allowed me to experience myself as a leader and follower, a winner and loser, and as an equal. Mutual respect between friends has been very important. I learned the negative aspects of friendships, as well as the positive ones. Through trial and error I have gradually come to understand the complexities of friendship. Lik...

Mass Spectrometry - What It Is and How It Works

Mass Spectrometry - What It Is and How It Works Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical laboratory technique to separate the components of a sample by their mass  and electrical charge. The instrument used in MS is called mass spectrometer. It produces a mass spectrum that plots the mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of compounds in a mixture. How a Mass Spectrometer Works The three main parts of a mass spectrometer are the ion source, the mass analyzer, and the detector. Step 1: Ionization The initial sample may be a solid, liquid, or gas. The sample is vaporized into a gas and then ionized by the ion source, usually by losing an electron to become a cation. Even species that normally form anions or dont usually form ions are converted to cations (e.g., halogens like chlorine and noble gases like argon). The ionization chamber is kept in a vacuum so the ions that are produced can progress through the instrument without running into molecules from air. Ionization is from electrons that are produced by heating up a metal coil until it releases electrons. These electrons collide with sample molecules, knocking off one or more electrons. Since it takes more energy to remove more than one electron, most cations produced in the ionization chamber carry a 1 charge. A positive-charged metal plate pushes the sample ions to the next part of the machine. (Note: Many spectrometers work in either negative ion mode or positive ion mode, so its important to know the setting in order to analyze the data.) Step 2: Acceleration In  the mass analyzer, the ions are then accelerated through a potential difference and focused into a beam. The purpose of acceleration is to give all species the same kinetic energy, like starting a race with all runners on the same line. Step 3: Deflection The ion beam passes through a magnetic field which bends the charged stream. Lighter components or components with more ionic charge will deflect in the field more than heavier or less charged components. There are several different types of mass analyzers. A time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer accelerates ions to the same potential and then determines how long is needed for them to hit the detector. If the particles all start with the same charge, the velocity depends on the mass, with lighter components reaching the detector first. Other types of detectors measure not only how much time it takes for a particle to reach the detector, but how much it is deflected by an electric and/or magnetic field, yielding information besides just mass. Step 4: Detection A detector counts the number of ions at different deflections. The data is plotted as a graph or spectrum  of different masses. Detectors work by recording the induced charge or current caused by an ion striking a surface or passing by. Because the signal is very small, an electron multiplier, Faraday cup, or ion-to-photon detector may be used. The signal is greatly amplified to produce a spectrum. Mass Spectrometry Uses MS is used for both qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis. It may be used to identify the elements and isotopes of a sample, to determine the masses of molecules, and as a tool to help identify chemical structures. It can measure sample purity and molar mass. Pros and Cons A big advantage of mass spec over many other techniques is that it is incredibly sensitive (parts per million). It is an excellent tool for identifying unknown components in a sample or confirming their presence. Disadvantages of mass spec are that it isnt very good at identifying hydrocarbons that produce similar ions and its unable to tell optical and geometrical isomers apart. The disadvantages are compensated for by combining MS with other techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC-MS).

3 Fun And Common French Idioms With Animals

3 Fun And Common French Idioms With Animals French idioms are fun and so useful to express a whole concept in a short sentence - here are three common ones, using hens, a bear, and a Spanish cow! Quand Les Poules Auront Des Dents Literally, this means when hens have teeth.   So it means that there is not a chance of this ever happening. The equivalent English idiom is â€Å"when pigs fly†. Pigs, hens†¦ it’s all in the barnyard!   Moi, sortir avec Paula ? Quand les poules auront des dents!!Me, going out with Paula? When pigs fly! Il Ne Faut Pas Vendre La Peau De L’Ours Avant de L’Avoir Tuà © You shouldn’t sell the bear’s skin before you killed it (the bear). Note the pronunciation of â€Å"un ours† - un noors. There is a strong liaison in N, and the final S of ours is pronounced. This idiom is easy to understand in French - it means you should not count on the benefit of an action before you have done it. The equivalent English idiom is â€Å"don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched. With both English and French idiom, it’s not uncommon to leave out part of the sentence: il ne faut pas vendre la peau de l’ours (avant de l’avoir tuà ©). Don’t count your chickens (before they hatch). Comment à §a? Tu vas acheter une voiture avec l’argent que tu vas gagner au loto ? Attends un peu, il ne faut pas vendre la peau de l’ours avant de l’avoir tuà © ! Come again? You are going to buy a car with the money you’ll win at the lottery? Wait a second, dont  count your chickens before they hatch! Parler Franà §ais Comme Une Vache Espagnole Literally, this means to speak French like a Spanish cow. Well, a cow doesn’t speak French to start with, so imagine a Spanish one! This means to speak French very poorly.   The origins of these expressions are unclear, although it’s been in our language since 1640! Some say it comes from â€Å"un basque Espagnol† - referring to the Basque language. Another theory is just that in older French, both vache and espagnole where pejorative terms. So combine both, and it makes quite an insult.   Nowadays, it’s not that bad, but don’t use it lightly still†¦ Ça fait 5 ans que Peter apprend le franà §ais, mais il parle comme une vache espagnole : son accent est si fort qu’on ne comprend pas un mot de ce qu’il dit. Peter has been learning French for five years, but he speaks terrible French: his accent is so strong that you cannot understand a word he says.

Business Plan Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Plan Review - Essay Example The Company was established on February 1, 2007 and is seeking equity investors who can invest up to $100,000, in return for 20% equityThe new venture proposes to acquire a set of leased cars and offer them from strategic vantage points or car pods, from which customers will be able to accessThe car sharing venture will be commenced from one central nub, the South Bank area in Brisbane, from which it will be extended to other such nubs.The venture targets those customers who are environmentally conscious and proposes to work with two primary market segments – corporate customers who are likely to be frequent and heavy users of car share vehicles during week days and private customers who may use the cars less frequently and for shorter periods and be targeted for evening and weekend use, to achieve optimum utilization of the cars. It proposes to make customers aware of its services through its own website and also through a variety of advertisements and flyers. Additionally, i t will also align with the Brisbane City Council in ensuring that complementary websites are linked to its own website to generate leads from environmentally conscious customers.The Plan makes some provisions for potential risks. For one, it allows for the uncertainty in customer use and preference for car sharing by proposing to first lease the cars and prevent an initially huge capital outlay.

Boswell Agency; Structuring of an Advertising Agency Essay

Boswell Agency; Structuring of an Advertising Agency - Essay Example Boswell Agency being a renowned entity asserts that the Dallas’ office staffs could not complain about the salaries as the remuneration was remarkable. According to the organisation’s study, the abundance in remuneration emanated from the earnings accrued through the Blue Sky client (Kelley & Jugenheimer, 2009). The target media groups had an excess number of buyers and planners; hence, the company realized the need to expand its media portfolio in a bid to reduce competition while still revamping its authoritativeness and cost-effective. The company’s management realizes that the use teambuilding approaches within the office leads to the delivery of the intended information and coordination within the office; hence, its vision to ensure profound service delivery will be enhanced. Secondly, the retrenchment of the excess staff could lead to the reduction of the costs while still affecting the profit margins (Kelley & Jugenheimer, 2009). Evaluation and monitoring of the office’s departments evokes the vital need to improve the rate of transfers within the departments’ employees. Boswell Agency should embrace tactical account practices that would lead to the development of a critical team that will address the needs of different clientele groups despite their demographic, geographic, and other environmental differences as that will propel its acquisition of the target clientele population and subsequent profits (Kelley & Jugenheimer, 2009). The account structuring action plan approach will deliver an understanding to the management; hence, they will understand the types of costs incurred and the subsequent control approaches to pursue in order to achieve the set objectives. The agency opts to embrace a three-plan strategic approach that will deliver its objectives through the creation of positive and authoritative accounting practices that will suit different types of clients

Art joins poetry on the beach by Charles Donelan Essay

Art joins poetry on the beach by Charles Donelan - Essay Example They went against the grain of local opposition to foreigners photographing sacred building as well as the omnipresent dust, severe temperatures, and inclement light. Most of these early photographers made negatives on glass plates, which were delicate and cumbersome; however, they produced sharp images. Francis Frith (England 1822-1898) documented that the severe heat could boil photosensitive chemicals on his glass plates, and regularly the best accessible darkrooms were tombs and caves. Other photographers made collotypes’, the paper negatives from which positive photos are printed. There were more convenient than glass plates and the paper’s texture produced a positive photo with softer tones. Photographs of the holy locations, archeological places, and ruins authenticated the new field of archeology, liberated historians, and captivated those wanting romantic perceptions of alien lands. Photos offered foster experiences for Americans and Europeans put off by the vo yage, even after the Suez Canal opened in 1896. The exhibition installation offers classic images presenting a variety of themes and topics including city views, pictorial of holy places, ancient architectural allure, and assessment of essential artifacts. All images in this installation are derived from Leland Stanford Junior museum. Frith exceedingly explored the Near East during three long voyages, all taken between 1856 and 1860. In 1857 he photographed Cairo’s mosques, a daunting task because non-Muslims were not permitted inside them and he had to find vantage points away from the town’s throngs. Frith collected his photographs of architecture causally so that light and shadow assisted a feeling of spatial profundity and scope. Frith, a Quaker and flourished entrepreneur with a passion for expedition, became the most prominent English photographer of the Near East. He accomplished this aiming chic audience with his elegant photographs, stereo-view cards, and phot o-graphics publications featuring archeological and biblical locations. During his expeditions, Frith noted that tourists were the central audience of his photography collections. The most of the Mosque Emeer Akhor was of particular interest to me. Architecture is the art of construction. The art consolidates shapes, building techniques, and constructions of materials to create a building that is alluring to look at. This art as well works the means it requires to, and fits with what is around it. In these photograph we view a mosque with all its beautiful dome and striking patterns. It is shielded by a stonewall. The design of this mosque is an irrefutable Ottoman imperial style, likely as a challenge to the Sultan authority. The architecture of the mosque from the photograph yet has remained mostly faithful to its style accredited to the earlier dynasty. The stonewalls somehow gives one the feeling that the mosque was fortified by the then dynasty, to shield it from the crusaders. PART II Hank Pitcher’s paintings are founded in a certain feeling of place. He was born in Pasadena, California on July 20, 1949. Yet his parents relocated to Isla Vista, next to Santa Barbara. He was two years-old. Then, Isla Vista was a mere colony on the beach. On the other hand, Goleta was a farm town where kids rode their horses gown the street to buy chocolate at the store. At San Marcos High School, he was a coffee star and was hired by big-shot universities. Instead of soccer, he selected to attend the College of Creative Studies, an option program within the University of California at Santa Barbara, where he currently teaches painting. He divides his time between painting and surfing, engaging in each with devotion and

Sleep Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sleep - Research Paper Example The literature reviewed in this paper also confirmed that working women have the potential to experience common stressors, putting them at risk for compromised sleep quality. Table of Contents Sleep Deprivation, Shift work and Women Introduction During the agricultural era, humans structured their sleep-wake patterns with nature's dark-light cycle. They worked during the day and slept at night. Dramatic changes in this natural pattern occurred with the discovery of artificial light and the productivity of the industrial era. Artificial light made it possible for industry to operate 24 hours a day. Thus, employees were scheduled into varying shifts, including evening, night, and rotating shifts. With the information era, carne the reality of cyberspace, and it became possible to work anytime, anywhere. The workplace expanded into homes, and disrupted family and leisure time as well as sleep. Natural sleep-wake patterns were compromised and America evolved into a sleep-deprived society (LeBlond, 2008). Background Between 50 million and 70 million individuals experience frequent sleep problems (LeBlond, 2008), and significant number of workers compromise their health and safety because they mismanage or do not know how to manage sleep. Significant number of Americans are categorized as shift-workers, and most report both decreased quantity and quality of sleep, plus family and social life disruption, and impaired physical and emotional health (Bridges, 2008).Medically, problems with decreased quantity and quality of sleep associated with shift-work are diagnosed as Shift-Work Sleep Disorder, and are clinically diagnosed, by professional nurses, as Sleep Pattern Disturbance (LeBlond, 2008). The ability to cope with shift-work is influenced by a variety of inter-, intra-, and extra-personal factors, including (a) one's attitudes and beliefs about sleep, (b) one's biological clock, (c) domestic and social circumstances, and (d) sleep factors (Monk, 2000). Shift-work specifically impacts biological rhythms, negatively influences the shift-worker's quality of sleep, and disrupts family and social life. In reverse, the quality of sleep, social, and domestic demands influence the shift-worker's ability to cope with an unnatural sleep pattern (Monk, 2000; Bridges, 2008). Problem Statement Shift-workers have been reported to experience decreased quality of sleep comparable to people suffering from jet lag, except shift-workers chronically live at odds with natural sleep-wake patterns. Shift-workers predominantly report increased sleep problems, and many shift-workers may exhibit pathological sleepiness levels on the way to and from work as well as during the work shift (Sekine et al., 2006). The most common problems reported are an increased tendency to fall asleep, increased risk of accidents, impaired mood, and reduced psychomotor performance. Shift-workers, who are able to work away from domestic and social obligations, such as on oil-rigs, report adjusting to this unnatural schedule in 5-7 days. However, shift-workers with domestic and social obligations have major difficulty adjusting, leaving them at high risk for suffering the consequences of poor quantity and quality of sleep (Bridges, 2008; Taskar & Hirshkowitz, 2003). At first, men made up most of the American workforce, but women joined the ranks of the employed during World War II (WWII), and by the 1990's, women's employment patterns replicated men’

Stages of Unbelief. What is Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stages of Unbelief. What is Skepticism - Essay Example What is Skepticism? Skepticism, in philosophical terms, is the point of view, which tackles the philosophical thesis with rational thought and doubtful criticism. According to Gary Gutting in Religious Belief and Religious Skepticism (87), this action leads to thinking and thought, which is based on logic and aimed towards dispute and criticism. Under a narrow view, religious skepticism is considered as that point of view which puts every organized belief or practice, commonly understood as religion, into doubt. This is done through a rational argument on the righteousness, value and ethics of that particular organized religion. Moreover, different philosophers, for example, like Kant, have talked highly about skepticism in their works. Kant has drawn much of his analysis from the works of David Hume, who is regarded as the most formidable skeptic in the history of Western philosophy. Much of Hume’s work on skepticism is drawn from the idea that he endorsed empirical science a nd considered founding the â€Å"science of man† as a heavy project (Thompson n.p.). One, therefore, should understand that when considering skepticism, science would come into debate at a number of times. Since metaphysics is broadly considered to be associated with supernatural, much of Kant’s skepticism draws on the work of metaphysical aspect of philosophy. According to Kant, there are three types of skepticism. These broadly include â€Å"veil of perception†, which seeks legitimacy by drawing inference of the external-mind world to one’s own mental representations. Hence, this concerns metaphysics. Humean skepticism elucidates upon the concepts that are not understood by sensible impressions and knowledge of certain ideas which are not proved by logical law nor known from experience. Therefore, again this concerns much of metaphysics, because the concepts that are not understood from the mind are discussed. Pyrrhonian skepticism establishes a balance between opposing arguments, hence having understanding of both the ideas of knowledge, for example, from the ones who believe in religion, and the ones who do not believe in religion (Forster 1). However, Kant and his approach were against skepticism and his Copernican Revolution tried to fight against skepticism. Kant propagated that religion was largely practice, not theory, and not based on facts, and was something private and subjective. Religion equaled ethics, put simply (Catholic Education n.p.). Christopher Scheitle in â€Å"Religious and Spiritual Change† (59) propagates that skepticism as a whole can be understood in the light of the insight into the way religious people believe blindly in different existing religions in the world. As argued, religious people never criticize their beliefs, because they have this idea that it is a great sin, a contradiction to their religion and that predominantly, it is a sacrilege (Gutting, pp. 93). This promotes the spread of rel igious dogma which leaves no room to doubt over a certain aspect or argue over a certain thing. Hence, followers of religion attempt to blindly follow religion and adopt the ideas of a particular religion as a supreme truth of which no violation can be done. However, they disregard the verity that their beliefs can be paradoxical, confusing, disastrous, unnatural and even antiscientific. This usually occurs because these people communicate with their supernatural being in the most irrational ways which makes their religious beliefs and, hence, religion highly questionable, even to themselves and the society (Zagzebski 212). This religious dogma also gives rise to the fervor of sacrificing their lives for the

Strategic and tactical marketing objectives Essay

Strategic and tactical marketing objectives - Essay Example There are considerable differences between strategic marketing and tactical marketing. Strategic marketing usually involves the planning portion of achieving a marketing objective which relies on research information on target customers. Tactical marketing is the actual application (processes) which are implemented in the hopes of achieving positive marketing results. In the hospitality industry, especially hotel marketing, both strategic and tactical marketing contribute to how the hotel performs in areas of the marketing mix. This report applies the activities involved in strategic and tactical marketing and applies them to a hypothetical resort in the Swiss Alps that provides services for wealthy guests. The marketing objective is to increase its market base by 20 percent in one year and target newlyweds from European nations. In order to achieve this goal, it will be necessary to create distinguished promotional materials which are suitable for mass market cultural beliefs and al so the beliefs of newlywed couples. Marriage is a day of celebration and, for this particular niche market, should extend well beyond the actual ceremony and be a part of their entire vacation package during this celebratory period. â€Å"Strategic marketing involves determining what the target market wants and the types of messages that resonate with that audience† (Brockington, 2009, p.1). Gaining this information about potential customers begins with conducting research, either in the form of interviews, focus groups, or surveys.

Stages of Unbelief. What is Skepticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stages of Unbelief. What is Skepticism - Essay Example What is Skepticism? Skepticism, in philosophical terms, is the point of view, which tackles the philosophical thesis with rational thought and doubtful criticism. According to Gary Gutting in Religious Belief and Religious Skepticism (87), this action leads to thinking and thought, which is based on logic and aimed towards dispute and criticism. Under a narrow view, religious skepticism is considered as that point of view which puts every organized belief or practice, commonly understood as religion, into doubt. This is done through a rational argument on the righteousness, value and ethics of that particular organized religion. Moreover, different philosophers, for example, like Kant, have talked highly about skepticism in their works. Kant has drawn much of his analysis from the works of David Hume, who is regarded as the most formidable skeptic in the history of Western philosophy. Much of Hume’s work on skepticism is drawn from the idea that he endorsed empirical science a nd considered founding the â€Å"science of man† as a heavy project (Thompson n.p.). One, therefore, should understand that when considering skepticism, science would come into debate at a number of times. Since metaphysics is broadly considered to be associated with supernatural, much of Kant’s skepticism draws on the work of metaphysical aspect of philosophy. According to Kant, there are three types of skepticism. These broadly include â€Å"veil of perception†, which seeks legitimacy by drawing inference of the external-mind world to one’s own mental representations. Hence, this concerns metaphysics. Humean skepticism elucidates upon the concepts that are not understood by sensible impressions and knowledge of certain ideas which are not proved by logical law nor known from experience. Therefore, again this concerns much of metaphysics, because the concepts that are not understood from the mind are discussed. Pyrrhonian skepticism establishes a balance between opposing arguments, hence having understanding of both the ideas of knowledge, for example, from the ones who believe in religion, and the ones who do not believe in religion (Forster 1). However, Kant and his approach were against skepticism and his Copernican Revolution tried to fight against skepticism. Kant propagated that religion was largely practice, not theory, and not based on facts, and was something private and subjective. Religion equaled ethics, put simply (Catholic Education n.p.). Christopher Scheitle in â€Å"Religious and Spiritual Change† (59) propagates that skepticism as a whole can be understood in the light of the insight into the way religious people believe blindly in different existing religions in the world. As argued, religious people never criticize their beliefs, because they have this idea that it is a great sin, a contradiction to their religion and that predominantly, it is a sacrilege (Gutting, pp. 93). This promotes the spread of rel igious dogma which leaves no room to doubt over a certain aspect or argue over a certain thing. Hence, followers of religion attempt to blindly follow religion and adopt the ideas of a particular religion as a supreme truth of which no violation can be done. However, they disregard the verity that their beliefs can be paradoxical, confusing, disastrous, unnatural and even antiscientific. This usually occurs because these people communicate with their supernatural being in the most irrational ways which makes their religious beliefs and, hence, religion highly questionable, even to themselves and the society (Zagzebski 212). This religious dogma also gives rise to the fervor of sacrificing their lives for the

Child Labour Essay Example for Free

Child Labour Essay Child labor is work that harms children or keeps them from attending school. Around the world growing gaps between rich and poor in recent decades have forced millions of young children out of school and into work. The International Labor Organization estimates that 215 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal, hazardous, or extremely exploitative. Underage children work at all sorts of jobs around the world, usually because they and their families are extremely poor. Large numbers of children work in commercial agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, and domestic service. Some children work in illicit activities like the drug trade and prostitution or other traumatic activities such as serving as soldiers. Some social scientists point out that some kinds of work may be completely unobjectionable — except for one thing about the work that makes it exploitative. For instance, a child who delivers newspapers before school might actually benefit from learning how to work, gaining responsibility, and a bit of money. But what if the child is not paid? Then he or she is being exploited. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. Other social scientists have slightly different ways of drawing the line between acceptable and unacceptable work. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. Other social scientists have slightly different ways of drawing the line between cceptable and unacceptable work. In 2000, the ILO estimates, 246 million child workers aged 5 and 17 were involved in child labour, of which 171 million were involved in work that by its nature is hazardous to their safety, physical or mental health, and moral development. Moreover, some 8. 4 million children were engaged in so-called unconditional worst forms of child labour, which include forced and bonded labour, the use of children in armed confl ict, trafficking in children and commercial sexual exploitation.

Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter

Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter III, Section 3)..'anyone who wilfully fails to render to a person in danger any assistance which, without risk to himself or to third parties, he could render him either by his own action, or by initiating rescue operations..' is punishable by imprisonment and fine. Essay Question: What is the criminal law in England and Wales on liability for omissions to act? Having regard to the above extract from the French Penal Code, critically discuss whether the current English Law on this issue should be changed. The criminal law in England and Wales on liability for omissions to act: Unlike the French Penal code, which provides a general duty on all persons to assist others in peril according to their abilities, breach of which is a specific offence in its own right, English criminal law does not impose a general duty to act to save other people or property from harm, even if this could be done without any risk or inconvenience. For example, a man who simply stands and observes a child drowning in a shallow pool when he is in a position to easily rescue it should he choose to do so, commits no offence under English law, because he is not under a duty to rescue it. A duty to act may however arise under a contract, the most obvious example being where the failure to fulfil a contractual obligation is likely to endanger the lives of others. Liability is not necessarily precluded by the injured person not being a party to the contract; in the case of Pittwood[1], the defendant, who was a level-crossing keeper, in breach of his contract of employment, failed to close the gate when a train was approaching, resulting in someone dying on the crossing. Wright J confirmed that criminal liability can be incurred from a person’s failure to perform their contractual duty and held that, in this case, a duty was owed to the road users even though, prima facie, the contractual obligation was owed only to the railway company. A person who holds a public office, such as a police officer, may also be under a duty to care for others. For example, in the case of Dytham[2], a uniformed police officer failed to act when he saw a man being kicked to death a few yards away and was convicted on charges of ‘misconduct in a public office’. Likewise, a parent is under a duty to save his/her young child from harm; a parent who has allowed his/her baby child to starve to death may, depending upon his/her state of mind, be convicted of murder or manslaughter[3]. Other close relationships may also involve a similar duty[4], such as between a husband and wife, although this particular example might be more akin to a contractual duty arising from the contract of marriage than to the duty in the above example. The voluntary carer of a person unable to look after him/herself is also bound by a duty of care towards that person under English criminal law. In Nicholls[5], the defendant received a young child into her care, on the death of that child’s mother. Brett J directed the jury that if a person chooses to take on the care of someone who is helpless, either from infancy, infirmity or mental illness, he is bound to execute that responsibility and, if he allows him/her to die, he may be guilty of manslaughter. In Stone[6], this principle was extended to include situations where a person does not overtly accept the responsibility of carer, but where the situation has lead to such; for example, in a situation where two people have lived together for some time, and the health of one of those people deteriorates to a state where they become dependent upon the other for care, then the court may be prepared to imply a voluntary undertaking of care from the very fact that the healthy party did in fact oblige[7]. Such a duty will of course be extinguished if the relationship between these two parties should end, or if the ill party orally releases the other from his/her responsibilities [providing of course that the party is in a state capable of making a rational decision]. An example of this latter situation might be a patient releasing her doctor from his duty of care towards her by instructing him that should she become ill, she does not wish to be treated. Such an advance refusal will only be effective if the patient is fully compos mentis, has not been unduly influenced in respect of her decision and has contemplated the actual situation which will arise, understanding all the consequences of refusing treatment in such a situation[8]. A duty of care can also arise from an accident; where the accused inadvertently and without the appropriate mens rea performs an act which places a person or property in danger, but before the resulting harm is complete, becomes aware of the train of events caused by his inadvertent act, then that party is, by virtue of the English criminal law, under a duty to take such steps as lie within his power to try to prevent or reduce the risk of harm; if he does not, then he may be criminally liable for the consequences. The case authority for this special duty situation is the case of Miller[9], in which the defendant had, quite by accident, fallen asleep in the plaintiff’s house with a lit cigarette in his fingertips. He awoke to find that he had set the mattress of the bed, in which he was sleeping, alight, but rather than raising alarm or trying to extinguish the fire, he simply went into the adjacent room and fell asleep in there. The House of Lords affirmed his conviction for arson, contrary to s1(1) and (3) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971, as he was in breach of his duty to take reasonable care to extinguish the fire which he had accidentally caused, being in a position to do so. As yet there is no clear authority on how much of a risk a person under such a duty to act might be expected to run in order to perform that duty, but the common law duty requires ‘reasonable’ steps to be taken, a criterion which will be assessed in light of all the circumstances of the particular case in question. So far we have focussed our discussion around the duties of ordinary citizen’s in daily life as developed by the English common law. It should be noted that there are also in place many statutory schemes of regulation in regard to industry and commerce, such as the offence of failing to comply with a limitation, condition or notice contrary to the Radioactive Substances Act 1993. There are also statutory schemes for the distribution of public money, such as the failure to notify a change of circumstances under the Social Security Administration (Fraud) Act 1997, and schemes for other licensed regulated activity such as failing to report a road accident. These statutory schemes are simple rules which must be followed as a condition of engaging in these activities, and are relatively non-contentious in their lack of general application to the ‘ordinary citizen’. Critical discussion regarding the issue of whether the current English Law, as described above, should be changed so as to be more like the law contained in Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter III, Section 3): As we have seen from the above description, English criminal law does not generally criminalize the failure to render assistance to another citizen who is in peril, even where such assistance would be easy and cause no harm to ourselves. In contrast, the law under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code (Chapter III, Section3), as quoted within the question of this essay, does create a general duty to rescue, and does criminalise such omissions. The position of the English criminal law in not generally criminalising such omissions might be defended on grounds that the vagueness of the terms involved with criminalizing such omissions [such as ‘reasonable steps’] would leave citizens with no clear warning of what they must do and when [the principle of ‘fair warning’]. It may also be defended on grounds that this resulting uncertainty would have a weakening effect on the rule of law and would also lead to too great a reliance on prosecutorial discretion in defining the effective scope of such omission criminalisation. The English position might be best defended however by adherence to the principle of autonomy; â€Å"the imposition of a duty to act restricts one’s liberty to pursue one’s own ends and desires by requiring one to do a particular thing at a particular time.† The position of the French Penal Code in generally criminalising such omissions might be defended on grounds that more important than the principles of fair warning, rule of law and individual autonomy is the protection of human life and human safety. A. Ashworth and E. Steiner[10] argue that Article 223(2) is a deliberate attempt to set the protection of one citizen’s life or safety above the protection of the maximum liberty of other citizens. The position might also be defended by the fact that since its introduction in 1941, this French Penal Code, responsible for generally criminalising a failure to rescue, has not been considered oppressive[11] in the way that vehement advocates of the English approach might lead one to believe such a law would. The truth is that both the English and the French approach in regards to liability for omissions to act have their respective shortcomings. The English approach does not afford enough weight to the worthy protection of the fundamental interest in human life and safety; the French approach does not afford sufficient attention to the worthy principles of autonomy, fair warning and the rule of law. Perhaps the solution therefore would be a compromise? I believe that the lesson English criminal law should learn from the Penal Code of our Continental comrades is the importance in recognising the harms involved with not helping a person who is in peril; English law must retain its firm stance with regards autonomy, fair warning and rule of law, but simultaneously afford a greater degree of attention to the protection of the fundamental interest in human life. As M. A. Menlowe[12] writes: â€Å"†¦when fundamental interests are involved (life, physical integrity), we should pause before accepting that an individual’s freedom of action is more valuable than a requirement to carry out a non-burdensome rescue.† In conclusion therefore, I would argue that perhaps a compromise should be employed by the English criminal law; a ‘duty of easy rescue’. The law should criminalise omissions to rescue those in peril where such a rescue is a simple and harmless task, but should not punish someone for not engaging in a rescue attempt when the risks associated with such a rescue are uncertain and complicated. Pessimists might argue that it would be too difficult to create a law which attempted a balance between on the one hand the respect for autonomy, adherence to the principle of fair warning and adequate protection of the rule of law, and on the other, a respect for protection of the fundamental interest in human life, but such critics should bear in mind that these three former principles are often found balanced with other interests throughout English law. As Feinberg remarks: â€Å"similar line-drawing problems exist throughout the law, and most have been found manageable.[13]† Bibliography A. Ashworth and E. Steiner ‘Criminal Ommissions and Public Duties (1990) 10 Legal Studies 153 A. Ashworth, ‘Principles of Criminal Law’, 3d. Oxford University Press 1999 p50 M. A. Menlowe. ‘The Philosophical Foundations of a Duty to Rescue,’ in M. A. Menlowe and A. McCall Smith (eds), The Duty to Rescue (1993) Feinberg, Harmless Wrongdoing, xii, summarising his argument in ‘Harm to Others’ 150-9 (1984) Cases cited: Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 Gibbins (1918) 82 JP 287 Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 Stone [1977] QB 354 Re T [1993] Fam 95 Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 Footnotes [1] Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 [2] Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 [3] Gibbins (1918) 82 JP 287 [4] Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 [5] Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 [6] Stone [1977] QB 354 [7] Stone [1977] QB 354 [8] These criteria were first set out in the case of Re T [1993] Fam 95 [9] Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 [10] A. Ashworth and E. Steiner ‘Criminal Ommissions and Public Duties (1990) 10 Legal Studies 153 [11] A. Ashworth, ‘Principles of Criminal Law’, 3d. Oxford University Press 1999 p50 [12] M. A. Menlowe. ‘The Philosophical Foundations of a Duty to Rescue,’ in M. A. Menlowe and A. McCall Smith (eds), The Duty to Rescue (1993) [13] Feinberg, Harmless Wrongdoing, xii, summarising his argument in ‘Harm to Others’ 150-9

The Tremendous Potential of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Argumentative

Genetic engineering, the process of using genetic information from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells to fix or improve genetic defects or maladies, has been developing for over twenty years. When Joseph Vacanti, a pediatric surgeon at Children’s Hospital, and Robert Langer, a chemical engineering professor at MIT, first met as researchers in the 1970’s, they had little knowledge of the movement they would help found. After they discovered a method of growing live tissue in the 1980’s, a new science was born, and it races daily towards new discoveries and medical breakthroughs (Arnst and Carey 60). â€Å"Tissue engineering offers the promise that failing organs and aging cells no longer be tolerated — they can be rejuvenated or replaced with healthy cells and tissues grown anew† (Arnst and Carey 58). The need for genetic engineering becomes quite evident in the promises it offers in various medical fields, as well to financial ones. Despite cr itics’ arguments about the morality or practicality of it, genetic engineering should continue to provide the essential benefits it has to offer without unnecessary legal impediment. Every year, the need for new organs in organ transplants becomes more apparent. â€Å"I recognized fairly early that the biggest problem facing me as a surgeon was the shortage of organs. I’ve devoted my professional life to solving that problem,† Vacanti said (Arnst and Carey 60). Approximately eight million people in the United States undergo surgery annually to correct organ failure (Arnst and Carey 61). While these patients wait for surgery and others wait on the transplant list, their medical expenses reach up to $400 billion. These expenses count for almost one-half of American heath-care bills. Nearly four... ..., Chrisitne. â€Å"An Attack on Aging.† Time. 26 January 1998: 60. Haney, Daniel Q. â€Å"Genes Help Heart Grown Own Bypass.† Columbus Dispatch. 10 Novemeber 1998. 3A. Johnson, B. Julie. â€Å"Genetic Engineering is Dangerous.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 17-21. Kraemer, Duane C. â€Å"Genetically Altered Animals Will Benefit Humankind.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 94-101. Lee, Thomas F. â€Å"Gene Therapy is Beneficial.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 166-173. Mahoney, Richard J. â€Å"The U.S. Should Continue Investing in Biotechnology.† Genetic Engineering: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. 29-36.

Simple Harmonic Motion Essay -- essays research papers

OBJECT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The objective of this lab is to obtain the spring constant by using the simple harmonic motion of the spring-mass system. Once the spring constant is obtained it is to be compared to the spring constant obtained by Hooke’s Law. PROCEDURE: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using a meter stick measure the distance from the attached point of the spring to the end of the spring, at this time there is to be no mass on the spring. Once this measurement is obtained the elongations can be calculated by subtracting the new measurements from this first measurement. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Add a weight to the spring and record the distance. The new distance is to be subtracted from the first distance. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the same weight pull the mass down an additional 20cm. Once the spring is elongated it is to be let go. When the spring is released from it’s elongated position the stopwatch is started. Once the spring has returned to it’s original starting position 25 times the timer is to be stopped and the time is recorded. Once two times are taken for every weight increment they are to be averaged together. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Steps 2 and 3 are to be repeated eight times using a new weight each time. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When all eight trials are done the spring is to be weighed and recorded. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS Mass used in each trial, in kilograms: - 50 g / 1000 g = 0.05 kg Elongation...

Year 12 End of year Project †Attributes of God

There are two main views of what it means to say that God is eternal: 1. God is timeless, he is outside time and not bound by time; God is the creator of time. 2. God is everlasting, he moves along the same timeline that we do but never begins or ends. The past is the past for God as well as for us and the future is unknown to us and is also to some extent unknown to God because it has not happened yet. Our understanding of what it means for God to be eternal is important because it affects many other attributes of God for example, God is omniscient – can God really know the details of events which have not yet happened? the problem of evil – if God can see the whole picture from the beginning can he be partly to blame for things being the way they are? And God is omnipotent – can God change the past and undo events which have already happened or is that beyond his power? The view that God is timeless has been very popular among Christian thinkers for example, An selm, Augustine, Boethius and Aquinas. God being timeless is the idea that God exists outside time, and can see the past present and future with perfect knowledge. Time is argued as an aspect of creation like space, and God is in control of it. God is not bound by space; he can be and is everywhere at once. In the same way God is not bound by time but exists in every part of history and every part of the future while being present in the world today. This view of God being timeless is popular because it shows that God is not limited. As an aspect of creation, time is something introduced by God rather than something God is dependent on. God’s omnipotence is not threatened if God is not bound by the restrictions of time – perhaps a God who could not know the future would be less powerful than one who could. It is a view that God is unchangeable (immutable), which is argued to be a necessary part of God. People who don’t like the idea of God being everlasting argue that if God was bound by time then he would be much more limited. He would not know what the outcomes of actions might be; he would have to wait and see how events turned out before he decided what to do next. If this was true God’s omnipotence and omniscience would be reduced to the point where God could hardly be called all-powerful and all-knowing. Those who defend the view that God is outside time argue that other concepts of God’s relationship with time do not recognise the uniqueness of God. God can bring events in time and can cause changes in people without being changed himself, because God is not a person in the same way we are. There are things which are possible for God, because of the unique nature of his existence, even if we may not be able to see how they could be possible from within our limited understanding. Other people have raised objections to the view that God is timeless, saying it creates more problems than it resolves. It has been argued that if God is timeless and unchangeable then God cannot be a person, or be said to have a ‘life’. A person with a life has to be changeable in order to have relationships and respond to people according to what they do. A timeless God would not be able to love because a timeless God is immutable and therefore is not affected by anything. Jurgen Moltmann and Charles Hartshorne argued that love cannot be compatible with immutability. A loving being responds to the object of his/her love. If the loved one is feeling happy, the one who shared that love is in that happiness too; if the loved one suffers, then the one who loves feels pain too. But these feelings change/happen within time. Therefore God has to exist within time, so that God is able to respond to us through love. If there is a living God who has relationships with people as individuals then it is argued that God cannot also be timeless. Richard Swinburne writes that the view of a timeless God contradicts the Bible: ‘If God had thus fixed his intentions ‘from all eternity’ he would be a very lifeless thing†¦Yet, the God of the Old Testament is a God in continual interaction with men†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Swinburne argues that the view of God outside time is one which is not biblical but which has entered Christian thinking through the influence of ancient Greeks, and then re-enforced by Thomas Aquinas. Swinburne does not see why a perfect being should have to be changeless; it was Plato who planted the idea about a world that was unchanging but do we have to accept Plato’s ideas? In the Bible, Swinburne argues God does not have fixed purposes for all eternity. He does not intend for all of time to have something happening which is then unchangeable. God interacts with people and his decisions about what will happen may change because of the on-going process of his relationship with individuals. A biblical example of this is Hezekiah’s illness when he prays to God and God gives him another fifteen years of life. Perhaps, Swinburne was right and that God does have plans but was persuaded to change his mind. However, there are passages that suggest God has fixed intentions which do not change. Unlike humanity, God knows with perfect knowledge what he will do and has no need to alter his views. Augustine considered the question of whether the Bible supports the idea of a God who is timeless or a God who is everlasting and reached the opposite conclusion to Swinburne. For Augustine, the problem was that God had made the world at a particular point in time, which raised the issue of what God had been doing all the time beforehand. Augustine wondered why, if God was everlasting, he picked a particular moment to create the universe, and how God might have been spending his time before the universe existed. For Augustine, the biblical account of creation points towards a timeless God, who chooses to create day and night and chooses to create the seasons but who transcends ideas of ‘before’ and ‘after’.

An Introduction for Ryanair

INTRODUCTION Background in Brief Ryanair was established by the Ryan family with a staff of 25. Its first route was launched in 1985 with a 15-seat aircraft ferrying passengers between Waterford in Ireland and London. In 1986, Ryanair launched its route from Dublin to London to challenge British Airways and Aer Lingus, the two dominant airline carriers on that route, by offering fares at lower prices. With two routes in operation, Ryanair carried 82,000 passengers in its first full year of operation. By 1993 Ryanair has carried over 1 million passengers.In 1995 Ryanair overtook Aer Lingus and British Airways to become the biggest international scheduled route carrier in Europe. The Organization Today Ryanair now operates more than 1,500 flights per day from 57 bases on 1,500 low fare routes across 28 countries. It connects 178 destinations and operating a fleet of 305 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft. In 2012, Ryanair had a team of more than 8,500 employees and carried over 78 million pas sengers. Ryanair’s main business is to provide â€Å"low-fare-no filling† airline services.Ryanair also offers various ancillary services including in-flight sale of beverages and food, car hire services, internet-related services etc. To expend its network, Ryanair, which already owns 29. 82% of Aer Lingus in 2012 announced its intention to acquire Aer Lingus by making an all cash offer of â‚ ¬1. 30 per share for its entire share capital. Ryanair recorded a profit of â‚ ¬503 million in 2012 fiscal year, increased 25% compared with year 2011 despite a â‚ ¬367 million rise in fuel costs. Revenues rose 19% to â‚ ¬4325 million as traffic grew 5% to 75. 8 million passengers. Ryanair’s return on equity (ROE) is increased from 12. 7% to 16. % in fiscal 2012. In addition, the company’s free cash flow is increased from â‚ ¬-610. 9m to â‚ ¬702. 7m due to high net income and reduced capital expenditure. Mission Ryanair' mission is to â€Å"become Europe’s most profitable lowest cost airline by rolling out our proven ‘low-fare-no-frills’ service in all markets in which we operate, to the benefit of our passengers, people, and shareholders†. To emphasis its focus on low fares, low frills, the CEO has stated, in response to criticisms of Ryanair's sub-standard customer service, that â€Å"any worthwhile passenger service commitment should involve commitments to low prices and high punctuality†.Ryanair has the cost minimizer's aim of generating the most benefit to both its shareholders and its passengers through offering the lowest fare service. It offers customers the choice of exactly which services they want to pay for rather than forcing them to pay a high price for the bundle of services the airline wants to offer, as legacy carriers usually do. Passengers benefit from paying less money by selecting and purchasing only the services they need. As a result, Ryanair is able to attract more cus tomers, which helps Ryanair to grow its market and profits. Goals and Objectives Generate greater passenger traffic through offering low fare services. †¢ Expand the air passenger market and network by opening up new bases and routes. †¢ Capture a larger market, such as by entry to the US airline market. †¢ Gain additional profits through increasing passenger traffic while keeping its cost base low. †¢ Maintain its low cost leadership position through continued cost efficiencies. Stakeholders There are many stakeholders involved in Ryanair’s business. As Table 1 shows, they have different expectations toward and demands on Ryanair. TABLE 1: Organizational Stakeholders Stakeholder Group |Group Demands / Attributes | |Product Market | | |Competitors |They want to carry more passengers at higher fares and would like to reduce Ryanair's market share. | | |They would like regulation to force Ryanair to offer travel agent commissions. | |Travel Agencies |They would like to organize Ryanair staff. | |Customers want the lowest fare price, and luxury services at no extra cost. | |Trade Unions |Boeing, Airbus would like to Ryanair orders at list prices. Airports would like regulations allowing | |Customers |them to charge higher fees to airlines, and to collude on capacity management. | |Suppliers |Legislators want to avoid high levels of controversial public complaints, and want higher airport and | | |route taxes. | | | |Government | | |Capital Market | | |Shareholders |Shareholders want to see Ryanair’s market and profit increased. |Banks |Banks want Ryanair to make loan payments in full on time. | |Leasing Company |They want Ryanair to lease more planes, i. e. expand routes. | |Organizational Market | | |Employees |Employees want higher income and better benefits | |Managers |Managers want to effectively use the human and capital resources of the company to meet the goals and | | |objectives set by top executives. |Top Executi ves |Maintain Ryanair’s cost-leadership position to gain profit while looking for more opportunities to | |(Michael O'Leary) |further expand its market | EXTERNAL ANALYSIS General Environment Demographic Segment: Airline travel passengers are mostly aged 18 to 65. Among them, passengers of age 25 to 55 years account for almost 75% of the total. The ageing of the post-1945 baby boom generation has reduced the numbers in the older higher income segment of this demographic.The resulting tendency is for a greater proportion of air travellers to be younger and less affluent and more oriented toward lower cost transport as opposed to seeking a luxurious flying experience. Political/Legal Segment The political and legal issues that concern Ryanair include regulations of regional and national governments and the European Union (EU), various legal actions, terrorism and security. Because many airlines are fully or partially owned by national governments, the airline industry has been affected by political regulation of both operation and ownership.For example, the EU regulations charging all airlines for their carbon emissions, and the rules on flight and duty time limitations, both increase the operating costs of Ryanair. Furthermore, O'Leary's ambition to start an ultra-low cost transatlantic airline using Aer Lingus planes and US airport landing rights has been blocked by the European Commission's Merger Office. The Commission has refused to allow Ryanair to go ahead with purchase of control of Aer Lingus. In addition, the threat of terrorism has increased insurance and security costs in the airline industry. Economic SegmentThe global economic recession and fuel price increases have greatly affected the European airline industry. The recession has impacted the purchasing power of consumers. Ryanair’s low cost strategy has enhanced Ryanair’s ability to compete in these conditions. Through offering low fares, Ryanair enables airline passengers to continue travelling despite the economic crisis. The floating exchange rate also has a direct effect on Ryanair’s profitability. Ryanair collects fares in various currencies and has its expense mainly in US dollars for fuel and in Euros for labour.In addition, the number of airline passengers could decline if their national currency loses value. Ryanair uses futures and options to hedge its fuel price, foreign exchange risks, and financing interest cost. The price for 90% of Ryanair's forecast fuel requirements for fiscal 2013 is hedged. Hedged prices for 2013 are significantly above 2012 prices. Socio-cultural Segment Due to changes in traveller’s behavioural  and psychological patterns, the European airline industry has changed from traditional patterns.People’s perspective towards air travel has been changed by the low cost revolution of air fares in Europe. Air travel is no longer being seen as expensive and is now accessible by low income people. Consequ ently passenger traffic in the Europe airline industry has increased. Ryanair's initial routes from Ireland to England were intended to provide a service to ethnic Irish people who had migrated to England to work due to lack of jobs in Ireland, but who still had most of their family in Ireland and wanted to visit often. Technological SegmentAdopting advantageous technologies has helped Ryanair constantly reinvent its processes to maintain its low cost advantage. For example, by using its online booking system, Ryanair reduced its distribution costs by eliminating travel agency commissions. Better technology has also allowed other transportation industries to cut costs such as the innovation of lower fuel consumption cars and high speed trains. These changes both increase the competitiveness of the substitutes for airline travel and also increase the complementarity of airline and other travelling tools.Global Segment Globalization increases the demand for international air travel. T here are an increasing number of people travelling between counties for work or to take vacations in foreign countries. Industry Environment Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of Ryanair’s aircraft suppliers is relatively high. Because Ryanair wants very low prices and many special conditions on aircraft purchases, so Boeing has refused to extend their supply contract with Ryanair, and Airbus has not been interested to seriously negotiate with Ryanair.Moreover, the switching cost of changing supplier for Ryanair is moderately high due to the significant amount of expense needed in terms of pilot, mechanic retraining and spare parts inventories. Ryanair is reportedly negotiating to buy the new C919 aircraft being developed by COMAC, a Chinese manufacturer, due to its greater amounts of seats and the lower fuel consumption. This availability of this substitute increases Ryanair’s bargaining power with Boeing. Ryanair’s bargaining power with its sup pliers of airport services is high, due to the current overbuilding of regional airports.Bargaining Power of Buyers The bargaining power of Ryanair’s buyers is high. The competition in the European short haul airline market is very intense, and many airlines have cut their cost in response to deregulation and availability of new cost saving technologies. Though Ryanair offers travel fares to passengers at very low prices, there is low switching cost for customers to change to another airline. The lack of brand loyalty in the air travel market increases buyer’s bargaining power. Threat of EntryThe threat of new entrants in the European short haul air travel market is high due to the relatively low cost of entry and the commodity nature of the capital required. However Ryanair has achieved economies of scale which would be difficult for a new entrant to achieve. Ryanair has a large network which would require a moderately large capital investment to duplicate. Availabili ty of access to some routes is another barrier for new entrants due to the intense competition for primary routes and primary airport landing rights for some routes. Threats from Substitute ProductsThe threat of substitute products and services for Ryanair is relatively low. Substitute services of Ryanair include trains, ferries, cars, as well as other low fare airlines. However, according to the record, it was shown that usually the tickets of train, bus or ferry are more expensive than Ryanair’s flight tickets. According to Ryanair's 2012 financial report presentation, Ryanair's average ticket price including bag is â‚ ¬45 (2013Q3 â‚ ¬50) and its closest price competitor's average ticket price is â‚ ¬71 (2013Q3 â‚ ¬79). This shows the threat to Ryanair's from substitute low ost airlines is relatively low as they are unable to achieve Ryanair's economies of scale and offer similar fares. Competitive Rivalry The competitive rivalry for Ryanair in the airline marke t is high. Its competitors include Aer Lingus, easy Jet, Air Berlin, Whizz, IAG/British Airway, and Lufthansa etc, the carriers which also offering low fare flights. Many airline companies have lowered the prices of airfares to avoid losing more market share. Competitor Analysis An analysis of major competitors, Aer Lingus, Easy Jet and British Airways is shown in Table 2.TABLE 2: Competitor Analysis | |Aer Lingus |Easy Jet |British Airways | |Future Objectives |Aer Lingus focus on generating revenue per |Easy jet wants to build strong |British Airways want to become the | | |seat rather than maximization of load |number 1 and 2 network positions |world’s leading premium airline by | | |factor as well as more emphasis on |while maintains its cost advantage. offering the best customer services. | | |partnerships and connectivity. | | | |Current |Moving to discount airline model, focusing |Easyjet focus on primary airports, |British Airways focus on satisfied | |Strategy |on pr imary airport routes. Focus on serving|and especially slot constrained |customers.It provides high level | | |Irish travel to visit relatives in New |airports, to provide service on the|premium tickets and offers first class| | |York, Boston and Chicago areas of US. |top 100 routes in Europe |ticket holders access to premier | | | | |lounges. | |Assumptions |They assume that low fares are mbedded in |They assume passengers want |They assume that customers will like | | |the Irish market place. |convenience. |to pay more for a better and | | | | |outstanding service. | |Capabilities |Aer Lingus operates 43 planes with an |Easy Jet has 214 planes flying 605 |British Airway has a fleet of over 245| | |average age of 7. 3 years.Carries about 10 |routes serving 133 airports with 23|aircraft over 600 destinations | | |million passengers per year on 92 routes. |bases, which makes it the 4th |worldwide. It operates in engineering | | | |largest short haul carrier in |provides engineering se rvices to BA | | | |Europe with 8% market share. |and many other airlines. |General Notes |Aer Lingus is the lowest fare long haul |EasyJet focuses on low fares |It is the flag carrier airline of the | | |airline in Europe, partly due to having to |without removing the services which|UK & the largest airline in the UK | | |compete with Ryanair on 46 routes. |are standard on most airlines. |based on fleet size. | Analysis of Interaction of External Force In summary, the external environment provides Ryanair both opportunities and risks.Though some political issues limited its operation and the intense competition in the airline industry poses some threats to Ryanair, the company has great opportunities to grow. The demand for air travelling is increasing as the reduction in fares has expanded numbers of passengers who can afford air travel, and existing travellers are choosing low cost carriers due to the economic recession. Ryanair has put itself in the right position to generate pa ssenger traffic and market shares. INTERNAL ANALYSIS Resources Tangible ResourcesAirports: Ryanair has established distribution channels with low cost and uncongested airports, which enable it to deliver a 25 minute turnaround, which helps to create Ryanair’s competitive advantage. Not only secondary airports, Ryanair’s primary airports also delivered it a great value. Locations: More than 1,500 routes across 28 countries in Europe and North Africa to 178 airports (of which 57 are ‘bases’, where Ryanair bases aircraft and crew). Aircraft Fleet: Ryanair has a fleet consisting of a single aircraft type, the Boeing 737-800.The average age of its 305 aircraft is around 4 years, which is younger than the 9-11 years of typical European airline carriers. This gives advantages in terms of fuel efficiency, maintenance costs and customer perception. Ryanair also benefits from its planes higher seating capacity (189 seats per aircraft, compared with Easyjet’s 156 on A319s and 174 on A320s). Financial Resources: The financial resources of the company come from the Ryan family, shareholders, investors and creditors. In addition, Ryanair has a high cash flow balance, which enables it to make emergency adjustments or further investments.In addition, Ryanair has the Aer Lingus shares with a market value of â‚ ¬150 million which could be converted to cash. Organizational Resources: Very sophisticated and precise controlling and coordinating systems to allow high operational efficiencies including shorter aircraft turnaround times than competitors. Technological resources: Online booking and checkin system which allows near elimination of airport checking counter costs. Intangible Resources Human Resources: Ryanair employs approximately 8,388 employees, as of March 31, 2012, including 1,636 pilots and 2,867 cabin crew employed on a contract basis.Ryanair’s Brand Recognition: Ryanair has a strong brand image as a cost leader and no-fri lls carrier. Rights: The landing rights and airport terminal slot rights for Ryanair as well as the government approvals to fly each particular route. Innovation Resources: Ryanair's senior management team has a strong capacity to constantly innovate and to cut costs by negotiating with suppliers to pressure for supply cost reductions and to change service routes to drop high rising cost suppliers in favour of low cost suppliers. The senior management team has the capacity to innovate by nbundling the components of major airline service and offering the components individually allowing travellers to choose lower cost combinations. Innovative use of secondary airports distant form major cities allows Ryanair to profitably offer ancillary car rental and bus and accommodations services through the online booking and ticketing system. Capabilities Primary activities Inbound Logistics: Ryanair’s main supplier, Boeing, provided Ryanair discount reported as approximately one third o ff for purchasing aircraft.Ryanair outsources the labour, airport services, and employee training they need at low cost. Operations: Ryanair provides â€Å"low cost no frills† airline service. About 50% of Ryanair’s flight crew are contractors employed only when required. Ryanair uses uncongested airports and only makes point to point trips. Outboard Logistics: Ryanair has quick 25 minute aircraft turnaround times. Ryanair has developed an online booking, ticketing, and confirmation system which eliminated the role and margin of travel agents taking the Ryanair service direct to the traveller.Marketing and Sales: Ryanair has the biggest website in Europe which allows them to do the marketing- internet sales. They also generate ancillary revenues by selling products in flight and encouraging customers to buy alliance services such as hotel bookings, car rentals and travel insurance etc. Service: Ryanair provides limited free services to passengers, and a full variety of onboard and travel services is available to customers for purchase. Customers decide which services they want to pay for. Support ActivitiesManagement Information Systems: Ryanair has efficient MIS systems to minimize airport turnaround times and to very tightly control on-board fuel inventories to minimize the cost of carrying excess fuel carried any flight. Firm Infrastructure: Ryanair has 57 bases. The cost of Ryanair airports are low due to its use of airports are mostly uncongested secondly airports. Ryanair has only one type of aircraft (Boeing 737-800). Therefore, Ryanair only trains pilots to fly one type of plane, which cut costs of training employees.Human Resource Management: In order to reduce costs, Ryanair pays relatively lower salaries to employees than other airline companies. The employees are paid by the hour on contracts. Ryanair employees get no benefits from Ryanair, but pilots like Ryanair because they can build their hours of experience quickly and be promote d to senior pilot positions. Technological Development: Use of online booking by Ryanair reduced their costs. In addition, by introducing self-check service to the passengers, Ryanair was able to reduce staff and cost. Procurement: As Ryanair only provide services, they have to outsource the material they need, such as fuel and equipment as well as leasing some operated aircraft. Core Competencies Ryanair has the following core competencies based on the VRIO framework: | |V |I |R |O | |Fleet of 294 -737-800s |Very fuel efficient and |Boeing list price of $90 |No competitor has as large |Ryanair has organized a 1500| | |about 4years average age so|million per plane or $26. |a fleet of short-medium |route network and short | | |low maintenance costs |billion for a similar fleet|haul fuel efficient jets |turnaround times to maximize| | | | | |the flying time of the fleet| |Supply chain management and |Forcing irports to compete|Very costly to imitate the |Competitors try to do this |Or ganized to operate the | |operations management |on fees for Ryanair's |scale of Ryanair's |also but Ryanair does it |fleet of 737-800s on | |including MIS systems |business and forcing Boeing|operation of 1500 routes |better |whatever routes offer low | | |to reduce prices on their |between 178 airports, so | |costs | | |huge order of 737-800s are |smaller network operators | | | | |keys to Ryanair's low cost |have less bargaining power | | | | |structure |with airports | | | |O'Leary's strategic vision, |O'Leary's strategy is the |Not available in the market|There is only one O'Leary |O'Leary is dedicated to | |marketing strategy and PR |basis for the company's | | |building â€Å"ultra-low-cost† | | |profitability.His | | |airlines | | |controversial PR saves | | | | | |millions in advertising | | | | | |costs | | | | Performance: Ryanair’s performance compared with its main competitors: | |Ryanair |Easyjet |Aer Lingus |British Airways | |Revenue |US$6. 35B |GBP 3. 85B |â‚ ¬1. 39B |â‚ ¬16. 1 B | |Operating Margin |15. 3% |8. 1% |3. 94% |3. 2% | |Profit Margin |12. 54% |6. 62% |2. 44% |3. 49% | |ROA |5. 59% |4. 74% |1. 90% |3. 44% | |ROE |18. 99% |14. 58% |4. 07% |13. 21% | |Market Cap |US$11. 51B |GBP 4. 18B |â‚ ¬0. 679 B |US$ 6. 7 B | STRATEGYBusiness Level Strategy Ryanair follows a cost leadership strategy. By controlling the cost of operations, Ryanair has a low cost base, which enables it to offer the lowest fares to passengers with acceptable service across Europe. Corporate Level Strategy Ryanair has a low-level of diversification. Ryanair's dominant business is passenger transport, with ancillary revenue from its ancillary services. According to Ryanair’s 2012 annual report ancillary revenue accounts for about 25% of the total revenue, while 75% of revenue come from is major business, which is scheduled airline service. International Strategy Ryanair follows a global strategy.Ryanair offers standardized services to all passengers across Europe, while the strategic decisions centralized in headquarters office to achieve economies of scale. Ryanair does not customize its products to individual national or regional market demands. Cooperative Strategy Ryanair has cooperative or alliance relations with a broad range of hotel and other accommodation providers, as well as with airport car rental companies and airport bus transport companies. Ryanair offers the services of these companies through the Ryanair website and the companies rebate a portion of the revenue to Ryanair. SYNTHESIS Ryanair has the strengths, and weaknesses, and faces the opportunities and threats as shown in Table 3: Table 3: SWOT Analysis |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Customer Service |Low Fares: The advantage of Ryanair’s low cost base |Low Frequencies: Ryanair offers less frequent flights on some | | |allows it to offers the lowest average fares in |routes and often schedules departures at low demand times, | | |European shor t haul markets. It was report that |which may not be convenient to passengers, but provides lower | | |Ryanair’s fares are about 37% below those of easyJet. |costs and faster turnaround times. | | | |Brand Perception: Recently published surveys vote Ryanair to be| | |Unbundling Services: Unbundling of inflight services |one of the weakest brands in the European airline industry. | |allows Ryanair to expand the travel market by serving|Ryanair offers limited free services to passengers and the | | |lower willingness to pay customers, which supposedly |media portrayal of Ryanair is often of a mean and | | |is a large segment of Ryanair’s home market in |money-grabbing. | | |Ireland. | | | |Punctuality: Ryanair has the best punctuality | | | |compared to other airline companies, since Ryanair | | | |only offers point-to-point short haul service. | | |Financial Resources |Cash flow: According to Ryanair’s 2012 annual report,|Seasonality of Earnings: Many Ryanair ’s customers are vacation | | |Ryanair has Euro 3. billion in cash, which allows it |travellers who tend to travel in the July to September period | | |to make further investment. |so Ryanair’s earnings are highly seasonal. | |Network: Economies |Ryanair flies more than 1,500 routes across 28 | | |of Scale |countries in Europe and North Africa, 178 airports of| | | |which 57 are bases. It carried almost 80m passengers | | | |in year 2012 with a market share of 12%.It has the | | | |lowest cost per passenger, which is one third lower | | | |than its major competitor EasyJet. | | |Network: Secondary |Due to the use of secondary airports and its |Many secondary airports are many kilometres away from a major | |Airports |excellent operations systems, Ryanair has a 25 minute|city, which may cause travel inconveniences to passengers. | | |turnaround times, which allows the airline to | | | |maximise aircraft utilisation. | |Fleet |One type of aircraft, the Boeing 737- 800 |Fleet is not certified for transatlantic service expansion | | |Largest short haul fleet in Europe 305 aircraft | | | |Average age of fleet 4 years (9 to 11 years for | | | |competitors) gives better fuel efficiency, and lower | | | |maintenance costs. | | |Executive Management|Introduced a series of innovations to achieve low |Portrayed by the media as mean and uncaring. | |costs and economies of scale | | | |Eliminated check-in desks; put advertising on | | | |boarding passes and overhead bins; persuading | | | |passengers not to check in hold baggage | | | |World leading skill in negotiating low cost supply | | | |agreements | | |Management Systems |Highly efficient MIS and standard operating | | | |procedures to efficiently operate at lowest costs. | | | | | | | |Opportunities |Threats | |Customers |The CEO of Ryanair has talked of plans for a |Ryanair’s competitors may learn how to imitate its value chain | | |long-haul transatlantic service under a n ew company |and copy its operation strategy.In addition, by focusing on | | |named â€Å"RyanAtlantic†. Purchase of Aer Lingus is a way|efficiency, Ryanair may overlook changes in customer | | |of gaining landing rights at New York, Boston and |preferences. | | |Chicago airports, which are favorite destinations for|By using the cost-leadership strategy, Ryanair needs to carry | | |Irish people travelling overseas to visit their |the risks of losing competitive advantages due to the dramatic | | |relatives. In addition, Aer Lingus has transatlantic |change of technology. | | |certified aircraft. | |Supplier Competition|Ryanair has the opportunity to get a better deal on |Airport and navigation charge increases: Increased airport | | |aircraft ordering. Ryanair has indicated interest in |charges in Spain’s AENA airports and Italy's ATC airport will | | |buying the C919 aircraft as a strategy to negotiate a|boost the ex-fuel unit cost. | | |better deal with Boeing. |Air t ravel taxes: Increases in air travel taxes reduce the | | |Stansted Airport: Ryanair cut its flights at Stansted|demand of air travel.Airport travel taxes are charged | | |Airport as a result of increased airport charge |independently of ticket price and therefore make up a higher | | |increases, and offered that if the airport charges |percentage of lower priced short haul tickets. Ryanair's costs | | |are reduced Ryanair will reverse the reductions in |are affected proportionately more by these taxes than are its | | |service levels and frequency at Stansted Airport to |higher fare competitor's costs. | | |transport about one million more passengers per day |Fuel price and currency: The price of fuel is highly volatile. | |by using spare fleet capacity shifting some flights |The international oil market is priced in US dollars so fuel | | |and routes from competing airports to Stansted. |expenses are in US dollars. Ryanair does not have US dollar | | | |revenues, and therefore mu st hedge its US dollar costs against | | | |its British Pound and Euro revenues using futures, options, and| | | |currency swap. |Government |Regional or local governments build airport capacity |Possible regulatory backlash in response to bad publicity about| | |in excess of local flight demand to attract tourism |service levels | | |dollars provide an opportunity for Ryanair to obtain | | | |very low cost or subsidized airport services. | | SWOT Matrix | |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Opportunities |Low cost base and low fares help to attract passengers |Low flight frequencies reduce the appeal of Ryanair | | |and grow its market. services for some travellers | | |Ryanair’s strong cash flow enables it to make further |Low level of free services reduces the attractiveness of | | |investment in aircraft |Ryanair flights for some travellers | | |Ryanair's strategic negotiating ability allows it to take|Unfavourable publicity causes regulator resistance to | | |advantage of secon dary airport suppliers to provide air |Ryanair operations | | |services to major cities at low cost | | |Threats |Large pan-European network allows Ryanair to shift |Revenue seasonality with lower winter time cash flows | | |business out of regulatory jurisdictions which raise |could make fuel price fluctuations more problematic | | |travel taxes or airport fees |because fuel prices tend to have a seasonal peak during | | |Ryanair's expertise at hedging fuel and exchange rate |October to January | | |fluctuations allows it to minimize the impact of oil |Ryanair’s disregard for customer luxury and convenience | | |price fluctuations compared to legacy airlines |could worsen declines in customer numbers during periods | | | |of economic prosperity when higher income levels give all| | | |travellers more choices of travel service level. | SWOT Fit with StrategyRyanair’s cost leadership business strategy is built on (1) senior management’s strength at negotiating lo w cost supplier agreements, and (2) unbundling air travel services from basic transport fares to allow lower willingness to pay customers to choose lower cost service. The cost leadership strategy and ability to negotiate lowest cost supplier agreements also puts Ryanair in position to exceed competitors network scale and thereby achieve competitively superior economies of scale. Ryanair’s focus on cost leadership minimizes the negative effect that their disregard for customer inconvenience could have on a differentiated supplier. In summary Ryanair’s strategy is a good fit with its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVESAlternatives 1. Shift to primary airports and move upmarket by focusing on primary airports and increased customer service levels and fares, competing more closely with EasyJet. 2. Expand secondary airports network, with the same customer service level but the lowest price. 3. Expand secondary airport network and upscal e the customer services with a bit higher price. 4. Expand Network to US through buying Aer Lingus. 5. Expand Network to US Irish destinations by buying planes, routes and airport slots. 6. Develop a greenfield network in a non-European regional market. Criteria for Analysis of Alternatives †¢ Increased Profit / ROE †¢ Financial Feasibility Maintain low cost leadership / Increase Economies of scale †¢ Government Issues Evaluation of Alternatives | |Government Issues |Profit/ ROE |Economic of Scale | Financial |Total Point | | | | | |Feasibility | | |1. Shift to Primary Airports (Increase |3 |2 |2 |2. 5 |9. 5 | |Price) | | | | | | |2.Expand Secondary Airport Network |4 |5 |5 |4 |18 | |(Low Price) | | | | | | |3. Expand Secondary Airport Network |4 |3 |3 |3. 5 |13. 5 | |(Upscale Services) | | | | | | |4. Expand Network to US through buying |1 |5 |5 |5 |16 | |Aer Lingus | | | | | | |5.Expand Network to US Irish |2 |3. 5 |4 |3 |12. 5 | |destinations | | | | | | |6. Develo p second Network in |3 |Short run: 2 |Short run: 2. 5 |2 |Short run: 9. 5 | |non-European regional market | |Long run: 5 |Long run: 5 | |Long run: 16 | Explanation of Evaluation: 1. Issues of government approval of new runs and cost of buying airport slots.As the primary airports will charge higher fees and tend to be more intensely competitive, the cost and fare price will be increased with a higher customer services level. The primary airport routes are served by many discount fare and major airline feeder service competitors 2. The lowest cost way to achieve additional economics of scale. 3. Shifts the company cost structure to a higher cost curve and may reduce its economies of scale. 4. Issue of European Commissions Merger office disapproval 5. Combination of regulatory issues and cost of acquiring transatlantic certified aircraft. 6. High start-up cost for a greenfield network and time required to build up revenue and profit. Recommended AlternativeBased on the evaluation, the best alternative for Ryanair is to continual to develop its network serving secondary airports, as it will generate more profit while and achieve greater economies of scale. Short Term Continue with company’s current strategy of expanding the network of secondary airports served. Maintain current levels of customer service and continue to emphasize the value of the levels of customer service provided to the Ryanair customer niche to avoid regulatory backlash. Long Term The secondary airport network in Europe will eventually be saturated by Ryanair’s expansion and to continue growing faster than demographic growth Ryanair will have to expand into other markets.The recommended alternative is to make greater accommodations to the European Commission Merger Office regarding routes where Aer Lingus and Ryanair currently compete in order to gain the Merger offices approval for Ryanair to buy Aer Lingus. This will allow Ryanair to expand to the US market with guaranteed prof its from the Irish traveller traffic visiting relatives in Boston, New York, and Chicago. Further the cost to buy the additional Aer Lingus shares to give Ryanair controlling a share in Aer Lingus is very inexpensive compared to other overseas expansion options. If the European Commission Merger Office does not give approval then Ryanair should consider development of an alternative regional network. IMPLEMENTATION Action PlanExpand the secondary airport network by expanding service to the Balkans, Macedonia and Morocco. |Time Line | |   |April |May |June |July | |Average fare: |Euro 50 |Euro 51 |2% |Low competition in new route area allows | | | | | |higher fare level | |Costs per passenger excluding |Euro 27 |Euro 25 |-7. % |Using excess plane capacity so reduces | |fuel: | | | |average fixed cost | |Revenue per passenger: |Euro 51 |Euro 51 |0% |Travellers in the new route area very frugal. | |Passengers per year: |75. 8 million |79. 6 million |5% |New route volume | |ROE: |16. 9% |18. 4% |1. 5% |Higher utilization of aircraft results in | | | | | |higher ROE | By meeting the figures in the Target column Ryanair will have succeeded in expanding its revenues, profits and economies of scale.