Indian Automobile Industry Analysis Essay

Today the automobile sector in India contributes 5% to the nation’s GDP, making it a prominent player in the economy. It will contribute around 19% of the Tax collection for financial year 2009-10. Following have been the features of Auto industry in the past financial year. The following tables and charts consist of the performance of Auto industry in past few years. Industry Aggregate (Rs in million)| | AMJ 10 (E)| Net Sales| 363904. 38| Change (%)| 39%| EBITDA| 64665. 22| Change (%)| 94%| Depreciation| 7303. 60| Interest| 3348. 58| Other Income| 7118. 93| PBT| 61131. 97|. Tax| 16645. 21| Effective tax rate| 27%| Reported PAT| 44486. 77| Change % (Reported PAT)| 92%| Market Cap (Rs in bn)| 1647. 17| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Note: The aggregate consists of the following companies- Bajaj Auto, Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, TVS Motors, Force Motors, Hero Honda, Escorts Ltd. , Eicher Motors, Maruti Udyog Limited, Punjab Tractors Limited, Mahindra & Mahindra, and Hindustan motors Source: QPAC Indian Automobile industry Apr-Jun 2010 INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND TRENDS Overview The auto industry in India is the ninth largest in the world. After Japan, South Korea and Thailand, in 2009, India emerged as the fourth largest exporter of automobiles. Several Indian automobile manufacturers have spread their operations globally. Indian auto industry, which is currently growing at the pace of around 18 % per annum, has become a hot destination for global auto players like Volvo, General Motors and Ford. The Indian automobile industry is going through a phase of rapid change and high growth. With new projects coming up on a regular basis, the industry is undergoing technological change. The major players are expanding their plants and focusing on mass customization, mass production. Yearly-Analysis Year on year as the Indian population grows the requirement for the transportation will also grow, so it is clear that the industry demand is directly proportional to the population. Presently in India there are 100 people per vehicle while the figure in china is 82. Indian automotive industry is strong and productive sector for the economy growth. It gives nearly 5% of the employment to the country’s population. Continue improving quality results in exports of automobile and ancillary industry is boosting out the demand in oversees business. The Indian auto-players are expanding their presence in oversees market. In the last 5 years the foreign investment in this sector nearly doubled. Production Trend: The Indian automotive industry face a tough time during FY08 and its production were almost stagnated. From the early FY09, the industry started showing marginal growth in terms of production and reached to 14. 04m units till FY10. Due to the huge insist in the domestic market company’s sale nearly 88% of their total production in the country and rest 12% vehicles they export. Domestic and Exports sales trend: In terms of domestic sales the industry is showing positive approach from the last 3-years. During FY10 the industry domestic sales reached to 12. 29m units. The Indian exports are increasing gradually form the past 5-years and reached to 1. 80m units in FY10. Earlier the industry depended on the foreign auto parts, but due to the increase of the global players in the country and establishing the plants ended painless move to the Indian auto-players. INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE (YEARLY) Indian Automobile Industry Performance (Apr-Mar)| | Production| Domestic Sales| Exports| | 2009| 2010| %| 2009| 2010| %| 2009| 2010| %| Passenger vehicles (PVs)|. Passenger Cars| 1516967| 1926484| 27| 1220475| 1526787| 25| 331535| 441710| 33| UVs| 219498| 272848| 24| 225621| 272733| 21| 3034| 2823| -7| MPVs| 102128| 151908| 49| 106607| 150256| 41| 1160| 1613| 39| Total PV| 1838593| 2351240| 28| 1552703| 1949776| 26| 335729| 446146| 33| Commercial vehicles (CVs)| M&HCVs| | | | | | | Passenger Carriers| 40995| 46026| 12| 34892| 43081| 24| 7456| 6069| -19| Goods Carriers| 151288| 204145| 35| 148603| 201977| 36| 9363| 14354| 53| Total M&HCVs| 192283| 250171| 30| 183495| 245058| 34| 16819| 20423| 21| LCVs| | | | | | |. Passenger Carriers| 28635| 34751| 21| 26952| 34421| 28| 5426| 2708| -50| Goods Carriers| 195952| 281686| 44| 173747| 251916| 45| 20380| 21876| 7| Total LCVs| 224587| 316437| 41| 200699| 286337| 43| 25806| 24584| -5| Total CVs| 416870| 566608| 36| 384194| 531395| 38| 42625| 45007| 6| 3-wheelers| Goods Carriers| 417434| 530203| 27| 268463| 349662| 30| 146914| 172505| 17| Total 3-Wheelers| 79586| 88890| 12| 81264| 90706| 12| 1152| 777| -33| Grand total| 497020| 619093| 25| 349727| 440368| 26| 148066| 173282| 17| 2-Wheelers|. Scooter| 1161276| 1494409| 29| 1148007| 1462507| 27| 25816| 30125| 17| Motorcycles| 6798118| 8444852| 24| 5831953| 7341139| 26| 971018| 1103104| 14| Mopeds| 436219| 571070| 31| 431214| 564584| 31| 7300| 6905| -5| Electric Two Wheel| 24179| 2558| -89| 26445| 3001| -89| 40| 50| -| Total 2-Wheelers| 8419792| 10512889| 25| 7437619| 9371231| 26| 1004174| 1140184| 14| Grand Total| 11172275| 14049830| 26| 9724243| 12292770| 26| 1530594| 1804619| 18| source: SIAM; Cygnus Research| Demand-supply mismatch: The new capacity addition till 2012, may anticipate a demand and supply mismatch in the short term. Demand is only expected to grow by 10-12% every year. In 2009-10 the domestic auto industry was utilizing 80-85% of its capacity, but this may drop to 65% by 2012. India may be in a similar position in 2012 as the global auto industry is in right now. The global capacity utilization in 2009-10 was around 65%, down from 80% in 2008-09. In the near future it is expected that the mismatch is going to see between Demand and Supply. Capacity addition: Accoding to Fitch Ratings, by 2012, the existing players in the market are expected to add 0. 9m units to the 2. 6m units’ capacity of the passenger vehicle segment and 0.6m units to the 0. 75m units’ capacity of the commercial vehicle segment. Meanwhile, global automakers who currently only assemble in India, are expected to set up production units, in order to be more competitive with local players. Quarterly-Analysis Production Trend During AMJ10, the segmental market size of 2-wheeler stood at 77%, followed by Passenger vehicles at 16% and then followed by 3-wheelers at 4%. In this quarter the total industry production increased by 33. 27 to 4. 09m units from 3. 06m units in the previous year same period. The commercial vehicle segment production has increased by 57. 11% to 0.16m units and recorded top among the segments. Sales and Exports Trend From the past two years the sale of the vehicles are increasing during this quarter due to the domestic demand made by the festive season and the exports are declining. In terms of sales commercial vehicles sales had increased by 55% during AMJ10 and stood in top against AMJ09. Passenger vehicle sales increased by 33% next to Commercial Vehicles and stood at 0. 55m units followed by 2 and 3-wheelers. The total Indian automobile exports during AMJ10 increased by 59. 30% to 0. 58m units against 0. 36m units. The 3-wheeler segment stood in top in- terms of exports by 150. 33% increase followed by C. V and P. V. SEGMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRY (QUARTERLY) Automobile Sales Performance in AMJ (in terms of Volume)| I PASSENGER VEHICLES| | AMJ’09| AMJ’10| % change| A. Passenger Cars| 324,985| 433,641| 33%| B. UVs| 60,969| 76,432| 25%| C. MPVs| 31,965| 44,493| 39%| TOTAL (A+B+C)| 417,919| 554,566| 33%| II. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (CVs)| M&HCVs| | | | A. Passenger Carriers| 7,482| 11,574| 55%| B. Goods Carriers| 31,408| 59,642| 90%| TOTAL (A+B)| 38,890| 71,216| 83%| LCVs| | | | A. Passenger Carriers| 9,601| 11,566| 20%| B. Goods Carriers| 48,376| 67,095| 39%| TOTAL (A+B)| 57,977| 78,661| 36%|. TOTAL COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (CVs)| 96,867| 149,877| 55%| III. THREE WHEELERS| A. passenger carrier| 72,339| 84,298| 17%| B. goods carrier| 18,963| 20,855| 10%| TOTAL (A+B)| 91,302| 105,153| 15%| IV TWO WHEELERS| A. scooters| 317,400| 470,323| 48%| B. motor cycles| 1,689,716| 2,097,415| 24%| C. mopeds| 128,738| 157,588| 22%| TOTAL (A+B+C+D)| 2,135,854| 2,725,326| 28%| Total volume (units)| 2,741,942| 3,534,922| 29%| Source: SIAM; Cygnus Research| SEGMENTAL PERFORMANCE Two-wheelers Note: Demand is expected on the base of country population bases and the base year is taken as 2000 for projections. The Indian 2-wheeler industry has reported a 26% (Y-o-Y) growth in FY10 with sales at 9. 37m units as against 7. 43m units sold in FY09. On the exports front, the 2-wheeler industry with 1. 14m shipments in FY10 posted a growth of 14% (Y-o-Y). Hero Honda Motors Ltd. (HHML), the world’s largest two wheeler manufacturer continued to dominate the total 2-wheeler industry with a market share of 48. 10%. In the motorcycle segment, the domestic sales grew 26% (Y-o-Y) to 7. 34m units while the exports grew 14% (Y-o-Y) to 1. 10m shipments in FY10. Hero Honda dominated the motorcycle space with a market share of 44% followed by Bajaj Auto (21%) and TVS Motors (15%). Market Penetration The two-wheeler industry is growing at a good phase in the country and expected a presence of 92 per every 1000 people at the end of 2010. The segment expects huge demand in the next 5 years. The industry is expected to sell nearly 26. 56m units till 2015. The segment is expected to face a tough time in 2011, due to the heavy compilation by the low cast cars and the alternative electronic vehicles. From 2012 the segment is expected to grow at the CAGR of 19% till 2015. Segment Boosters. New launches, coupled with low base and festive (marriage) season, helped the 2- wheeler industry post an impressive volumes growth for the month of May 2010. While the low base helped Bajaj Auto Ltd. (BAL) posts a growth of 62% (Y-o-Y) in total sales over the same month of the last fiscal. Three Wheelers The 3-wheeler industry posted an impressive growth of 26% (Y-o-Y) to 0. 44m units in FY10 as against 0. 34m units sold in the last fiscal. On the exports front, the 3-wheeler industry reported 17% (Y-o-Y) growth with 0. 17m units shipments in FY10. The passenger carrier segment reported higher growth in the domestic market at 0. 34m units 30% (Y-o-Y), while the goods carrier segment posted a 12% (Y-o-Y) growth for FY10. On the exports front, the passenger carrier segment posted a 17% (Y-o-Y) growth with 0. 17m unit shipments, while the goods segment posted a 33% (Y-o-Y) decline with exports of 777 units in FY10. Market share and players performance: Piaggio Vehicles continued to dominate the 3-wheeler industry with a market share of 41% followed by Bajaj Auto (35%) and Mahindra & Mahindra (11%). In this 3-wheeler segment 81% sub-segment is captured by Passenger carriers, which is primarily for the rural people moving long distances. The remaining 19% is covered by cargo or goods carriers; there are the versatile vehicles suitable for both intra and inter-city transport. Segment Boosters In suburban and rural areas 3-wheelers are primarily used as substitutes for buses. They thrive because of very poor public transport and on shorter trip distances. Some of the opportunities of this segment are; the inability of state government to provide the required number of buses, lack of political will to privatize public transport and free up fares. Increasing number of 3-wheelers on these routeswill bring download availability form 10-12% to 6-8%, people for 80% of the trips. PRINCIPLE APPLICATION OF 3-WHEELERS| Segments| Primary uses| Fuel used| Forecasted 3-yearsCAGR| In-city| Home-Office,Home-shopping,Schoolchildren, Home-Railways or Air port. | Petrol/LPG/CNG| 10%| Rural| Stage coach| Diesel| 11%| Cargo| Wholesaler to retailerRetailer to end user distribution| Diesel/CNG| -6%| Growth drivers and Indian in the world automobile industry (2010) Growth Drivers of Indian Auto Market| India in world production| ? Rising industrial and agricultural output? Rising per capita income? Favourable demographic distribution with rising working population and middle class? Urbanisation? Increasing disposable incomes in rural agri-sector? Availability of a variety of vehicle models meeting diverse needs and preferences? Greater affordability of vehicles? Easy finance schemes? Favourable government policies? Robust production| ? Well-developed, globally competitive auto ancillaryindustry? Established automobile testing and R&D centers? Among one of the lowest cost producers of steel in the world? World’ssecondlargestmanufactureroftwo wheeler? Fifthlargestmanufacturerofcommercial vehicles? Largest manufacturers of tractors in the world? Fourth largest passenger car market in Asia? India is the second largest two-wheeler market in the world.? 11th largest passenger car market in the world? Expectedtobetheseventhlargestauto industry by 2016| Inter- firm Comparison: Two – Wheelers Operational Performance The sales figure of Hero Honda is estimated to increase by 33. 73% in revenue terms from Rs3824. 40m in AMJ09 to Rs51116. 77m in AMJ10. Hero Honda scooter segment, pleasure sales have been growing at an average of 16000 units per month, it also crossed its land mark of 4. 5m unit sales for FY10. Bajaj Auto is estimated to show a sharp increase in sales figure by 33% from Rs 233384. 70m in AMJ09 to Rs31230. 88m in AMJ10, this has been led by its two game changing brands, Pulsar and Discover, with clocked robust volumes. TVS Motors is estimated to show an increase of 34% in sales from Rs9886. 97m in AMJ09 to Rs13254. 32m in AMJ10. Its scooter and motorcycle segment sales grew by 24% and 15% respectively; exports were increased by 22% to 20067 units during May. The newly launched TVS Jive and the TVS Wego have supported better volume growth for the month of March. Two-Wheeler Rs (m)| | AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| Growth| Bajaj Auto| 23384. 70| 31230. 88| 33. 55| Hero Honda| 38224. 40| 51116. 77| 33. 73| TVS| 9886. 97| 13254. 32| 34. 06| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Financial Performance The overall sale of all the companies is expected to rise. In case of TVS Motors OPM will improve mainly due to reduction in other expenses and raw material cost. The operational performance of Hero Honda has also improved and is directly reflected in its OPM and NPM growth which has increased by 837bps and 486bps respectively. Bajaj Autos OPM and NPM have been increased by 94bps and 170 bps points respectively. Overall in terms Hero Honda stood in top position in terms of operational and financial performance. | Bajaj Auto| Hero Honda| TVS| | AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| AMJ 09 (A)| AMJ 10 (E)| Net sales| 23384. 70| 31230. 88| 38224. 40| 51116. 77| 9886. 97| 13254. 32| NPM (%)| 12. 55| 14. 25| 13. 08| 17. 95| 1. 84| 2. 85| OPM (%)| 18. 45| 19. 38| 17. 01| 25. 38| 6. 33| 6. 01| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research| Cost Structure Analysis Cost Structure (as % of Net sales) AMJ09 Vs AMJ10| Company| Hero Honda| Bajaj Auto| TVS Motors| Industry| Year| 09| 10| 09| 10| 09| 10| 09| 10| (Increase)/Decrease in Stock| 0. 33| -2. 33| 2. 04| 1. 34| 3. 15| 4. 49| -0. 74| 0. 68| Consumption of raw materials| 67. 42| 62. 86| 60. 60| 64. 04| 67. 61| 60. 50| 65. 91| 62. 41| Purchase in stock in trade| 0. 00| 0. 00| 3. 51| 3. 67| 1. 62| 1. 88| 4. 44| 5. 55| Staff cost| 3. 62| 2. 76| 4. 83| 2. 98| 5. 29| 4. 87| 5. 34| 3. 86| Other expenditure| 11. 62| 11. 32| 10. 57| 8. 59| 15. 99| 22. 26| 12. 33| 9. 73| Depreciation| 1. 19| 0. 86| 1. 41| 0. 12| 2. 57| 1. 89| 2. 63| 2. 01| Interest & Financial Charges| -0. 14| -0. 10| 0. 26| 0. 00| 1. 73| 0. 91| 1. 25| 0. 92| Tax| 3. 99| 7. 69| 5. 22| 6. 11| 0. 19| 0. 76| 2. 62| 4. 57| Source: BSE India; Cygnus Research|. Raw material cost forms the major chunk of cost for two-wheeler companies followed by other expenditure, staff cost. In terms of raw material, staff cost and other expenses the performance of Bajaj is better compared to its peers. Overall, Bajaj auto is efficient from operational point of view. It has declined its overall cost structure by 159 bps to 86. 84% from 88. 44% as the percentage of sales during AMJ09. Porter Five Forces model Here is the analysis of Auto Industry with help of the porter’s five forced model. This is common for auto industry in India. Supply | Some amount of excess capacity.while India would be capable of producing 5. 4 m cars a year by 2014, domestic demand is likely to edge up to between 3. 5 and 4. 8 m units. | Demand | Largely cyclical in nature and dependent upon economic growth and per capita income. Seasonality is also a vital factor. | Barriers to entry | High capital costs, technology, distribution network, and availability of auto components. | Bargaining power of suppliers | Low, due to stiff competition. | Bargaining power of customers | Very high, due to availability of options. | Competition | High. Expected to increase even further. | Now if we make the five-force model for two wheelers:

Market Equilibration Process Paper

Market Equilibration Process ECO / 561 Market Equilibration Process Market Equilibrium occurs when the quantity supplied is equal to quantity demanded. The price equilibrium price exists when buyers and sellers price match and there is no governmental intervention (perfectly competitive market). After a market is in equilibrium, there is no trend for the market price to alter. For example, the law of demand states that as price goes up the quantity demand must go down and similarly, law of supply states price goes up quantity supply must go up (McConnel, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Viewing the graph below we can find the equilibrium occur at the price of $3 where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supply at three units. The price is stable at $3 and at any other prices will have a |Price (P) |Quantity Demanded (Qd) |Quantity Supplied (Qs) | |$1 |5 |1 | |$2 |4 |2 | |$3 |3 |3 | |$4 |2 |4 | |$5 |1 |5 | Equilibrium occurs at P=$3 (Qs = Qd = 3 units) [pic] a tendency to change. At a dollor, for example, at $1 buyers are able to buy five units but seller are only willing to provide one unit to the market. In this situation, quanitity damand is greater than qualiity supply is referred to as a shortage and will result in an upward pressure in price. Since there is only one unit is available so buyers will complete to buy the one available unit by offering more money. Then price goes up and the qualitity demand decreases, quantity supply rises until equilibrium is reached (McConnel, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). pic] Disequilibrium Disequilibrium occurs when the price or quantity is not equal to Price or Quantity. If the prices are high, surplus is created and there will be inefficiency. Demand surplus is created when prices are below the equilibrium price. Since the prices are low, many buyers want the good while suppliers are not making enough of it. A shift in a demand or supply curve occurs when the good’s quantity demanded or supplied changes but the price remains the same. Short-run and Long-run Supervalu is going through a long-run, which is a period when a plant or company has a long period to adjust the quantities of all the resources that it employs. I currently work for Supervalu and its dissolving certain retail stores such as Acme Markets because it is not producing profits in a certain metropolitan markets. Acme Markets price was below the minimum average variable cost and to minimize its losses, Supervalu shut down the retail stores. New retail markets such as Save-a-Lot stores are increasing because it targets at low-medium level income families. Pure Competition Supervalu is part of the pure competition because its retail stores are offering standardized products. Supervalu retail stores are able to freely enter and exit the industry. In pure competition, marginal revenue and price are equal (McConnel, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Reference McConnel, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies (18th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Pizza Hut Essay

Executive Summary Pizza Hut is one of the leading pizza restaurant companies in the world in terms of both the number of outlets and the percentage of market share that it holds. Pizza Hut’s main purposes are to provide foods and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. Pizza Hut believes a plentiful and leveraged diverse strategy is a competitive advantage. Their goal is to grow that competitive edge by fostering an inclusive culture. Diversity is a business strategy for Pizza Hut. It’s an intentional choice that creates sustainable competitive advantage.This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current and prospective liquidity and financial stability of Pizza Hut. Methods of analysis include Company Overview, Entry Strategies, Entry Restrictions, Political, Cultural Values, Economical Conditions, CSR programs, Marketing Mix, etc. Company Overview Early History: Pizza Hut was founded in June 15, 1958 by brothers Dan and Frank Carney in their hometown of Wichita, Kansas. When a friend suggested opening a pizza parlor—then a rarity—they agreed that the idea could prove successful, and they borrowed $600 from their mother to start a business with partner John Bender. Renting a small building at 503 South Bluff in downtown Wichita and purchasing secondhand equipment to make pizzas, the Carneys and Bender opened the first Pizza Hut restaurant; on opening night, they gave pizza away to encourage community interest. A year later, in 1959, Pizza Hut was incorporated in Kansas, and Dick Hassur opened the first franchise unit in Topeka. Pizza Hut Today: Pizza Hut is not only the acknowledged leader of pizza industry worldwide, but it is also the world’s largest pizza chain with more than 6,100 restaurants in the United States and over 5,500 restaurants in 97 countries  and territories around the world, employing more than 300,000 people, serving 1.7 million pizzas everyday to more than seven million customers. Pizza Hut’s Mission Statement: We take pride in making a perfect pizza and providing courteous and helpful service on time all the time. Every customer says, â€Å"I’ll be back!† We are the employer of choice offering team members opportunities for growth, advancement, and rewarding careers in a fun, safe working environment. We are accountable for profitability in everything we do, providing our shareholders with value growth. Core Values: P.E.A.R.L.S Passionfor excellence in doing every thing Execute with positive energy and urgency Accountablefor growth in customer satisfaction Recognize the achievements of others Listen and more importantly, respond to the voice of customers Vision: The vision of â€Å"Pizza Hut† is that â€Å"reach on the top of the peak to provide best service and taste† & â€Å"To see Yum on customer’s face†. Present Major Goals: Our goal is to reach 85% recognition of the new product in our target market. As with all businesses, the most important goal of a company is to increase revenue and profits. Customer satisfaction is for most. Practice what we preach: integrity, ethics and open communication. SWOT Analysis: Strengths Part of the largest restaurant chain in the world Over 20,000 franchises around the world Brand leader in the UK Innovative range of pizzas under one roof Famous television advertising Weaknesses Loyal customers are feeling that the satisfaction of the pizzas is declining. While Novak said Pizza Hut’s expansion into China is going exceedingly well. There are complex computer systems and internal conflicts from franchisees. Opportunities New Pizzas with different crust sizes and flavours. Pizza Hut expands Indian market menu and looks to old favourite to bolstersales in the US Pizza Hut targets upscale products and a downscale consumer base. Threats Rising competition undermines Pizza Hut as consumers go for greater convenience. Rising cheese costs threaten margins. Threat from Dominos pizza, also from Mc Donald’s who have tried to introduce a new meal that is a Pizza called: McPizza. Country of its Origin: Headquartered in 7100 Corporate Drive Plano, Texas 75024, United States, Pizza Hut is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc., the world’s largest restaurant company. Countries of its operations: Japan Mexico Spain Germany Russia China Singapore Malaysia U.K. U.S., etc. Competitors: McDonalds Dominos Subway Smokin Joes TacoBell Papa John’s Pizza Competitor Analysis: Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as Buffalo wings and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer, bigger, better pizza for a low price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas. Entry Strategies Entry Strategy In Bangladesh, Pizza Hut has done market development. Pizza Hut has made pizza familiar to the people of Bangladesh. Pizza Hut is the 1st chain restaurant of Bangladesh. Advantages Pizza Hut has always had the first mover advantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. Pizza Hut has a good brand image which helped them to reach their target customer easily. For good brand image Pizza Hut has easily become the market leader. Disadvantages For their brand image Pizza Hut has less chance for diversification. Less â€Å"Freedom of choice† for customers in menu. Less opportunity for product development. Entry Restrictions There is no such entry restriction in Bangladesh. Multinationals face different entry restrictions in some countries.Such as- High tax rate High registration fee High establishment expence Quota system High employment rate High production cost Political, Cultural Values and Economical Condition For political ups and down the economical growth hampers. As a result disposable income can be reducing. It is a concern for Pizza Hut. Pizza is a western food. It does not match with Bangladeshi culture. But urban people of Bangladesh are being attracted to western culture. So we are hoping that customers of Pizza Hut will increase day by day and gradually people of our country will accept pizza as a common food. The GDP of south asian countries are increasing day by day. So it’s a good opportunity and high time to establish any business in this continent. Extrinsic and Intrinsic, Motivational and Hygienic factors/rewards Extrinsic Rewards: Extrinsic reward is something given as a recognition of good work. Pizza Hut offers various kinds of extrinsic rewards to its employees, which are: Pay Raises Promotions Awards Intrinsic Rewards: Intrinsic reward means personal satisfaction felt for a job well done. Employees who work in Pizza Hut take â€Å"Pride in their performance† and develop a â€Å"Sense of achievement† Motivational Factors: Motivational factors are job factors that cause the employees to be productive and keep them satisfied. The motivational factors offered by Pizza Hut are: Attainment Acknowledgement Job itself Accountability Career augmentation Hygienic Factors: Hygienic factors are those that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivates employees. Hygienic factors offered by Pizza Hut are: Compensation Benefits of employee Policy for company Job safety Working environment Inter-personal relations Supervisor’s attitude Motivational Theories Followed By Pizza Hut: Pizza Hut follows â€Å"Theory Y†, â€Å"Adam’s Equity Theory† and â€Å"Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory† in treating its employees in all countries. The theories which have been described are the shedding of motivation. Nonetheless the theories are followed; the most important factors are the fascinating work and intensive pay for the employee. If there is the proper configuration in between individual and proficient objects, then employee motivation is an easy task. There are other choices such as job improvement, enhancement, encouragement, fiscal and non-fiscal reward (e.g. identification) should be well thought-out. It may be really tough to moderate the reward system of an organization for all individuals but it is possible to formulate an acceptable method which is suitable for both employees and company. CSR Programs Corporate Social Responsibility means the concern businesses have for the welfare of society. It is based on a commitment to integrity, fairness and respect.CSR proponents argue that businesses owe their existence to the societies they serve and cannot exist in societies that fail. Pizza Hut’s some great CSR programs are: As the largest pizza restaurant company in the world, with approximately 6,200 locations in the US, Pizza Hut is proud of the change it affected as the official World Food Programme sponsor and partner. But, as a company with deep roots in the Dallas-Fort Worth community (its HQs are in Plano and it has124 restaurants across the metroplex), Pizza Hut is especially proud of the relationship that they’ve formed with Children’s Medical Center and the opportunity it’s afforded them to invest in and impact their community, year-round.Over the last year, Pizza Hut employees have read to patients at Children’s, hosted patient â€Å"Pizza Pal† craft parties, been a food partner for the annual Red Balloon Run & Ride, and sponsored the Children’s Medical Center Holiday Parade. With Children’s doing its part to Make It GreatTM in the DFW community, Pizza Hut is thrilled to be the presenting sponsor of the 25th Annual Children’s Medical Cen ter Holiday Parade, which promises to be the best parade to date! Pizza Hut has integrated the â€Å"Carry Out for Literacy† card into their corporate image and giving. Proceeds from the card flow into a donor advised fund at the Hawaii Community Foundation, where HCF helps to evaluate potential grants supporting literacy. Pizza Hut (UK) supports the Starlight Children’s Foundation, a registered charity that works to brighten the lives of seriously ill children by granting their wishes and entertaining them while they are in hospital. Wishes can range from going to Disneyland, to meeting a favourite soap star or even winning the Grand Prix! Each year the demand grows for wishes, Starlight Fun Centers (mobile entertaining trolleys), Starlight Hospital Projects, hospital parties and outings. Pizza Hut employees have been fundraising the length and breadth of the UK for Starlight and are always looking for new and innovative ways to raise further support. All these progra ms are philanthropy based because they included charitable donations. Marketing Mix Product Pizza Hut’s main product is Pizza. Price The price of pizza is high for people of Bangladesh Place Pizza Hut has outlets in Dhaka and Chittagong only. Promotion Pizza Hut has doing promotion for their target customers. Physical Evidence The outlets of Pizza Hut are the only physical evidence of Pizza Hut. People Pizza Hut hires educated and well manner people for their service. Positioning Pizza Hut has position themselves by creating values and believes. IMC Campaign of Pizza Hut At present Pizza Hut is putting on their billboards in major places of Chittagong and Dhaka city. In these billboards they have mainly focused on their offerings and discounts. Pizza Hut is using print media a lot for their IMC campaign, such as- News paper, magazines, periodicals etc. In there, they have also focused on their different offerings and discounts. During Ramadan they give a special offer for customers. Pizza Hut offers buffet pizza for customers and the person who eats maximum pizza, he gets free buffet for the next day. At present Pizza Hut has introduced â€Å"Pizza Hut Delivery† (PHD) in major places of Dhaka and Chittagong city. And to introduce PHD they have used billboards, leaflets and print media ads a lot. Contingency Strategies TVC (Television commercial)- Pizza Hut can use TVC for their promotional campaign. Pizza Hut can do campaign in schools, colleges and universities. Pizza Hut can do campaign in major commercial places. Pizza Hut can use FM radio for their promotion. Pizza Hut can sponsors different events for their promotion. Pizza Hut can do market research to find out what kind of promotional activities will affect their target customers. Pizza Hut can arrange contests for youth. Pizza Hut can introduce less fat and calorie pizzas for aged people. Guerilla marketing can be very effective for Pizza Hut. Conclusion Pizza Hut has many targets which it has achieved in a given period of time. The time-period is mostly a year. Therefore, in order to fulfill the targets different strategies are adopted by Pizza Hut. It can be concluded that these strategies have been successful and there is flexibility in the strategies, as they can be changed with the changes in the market conditions as well as the targets. Reference â€Å"CSR Program†, accessed 20 April 2013, ‘Pizza Hut’, wiki article, April 19, 2013, accessed 20 April 2013, . William G. Nickels; James M. McHugh; Susan M. McHugh (2010). Understanding Business, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, NY.

Perspectives of Native American Tribes (Response Paper) Essay

Perspectives of Native American Tribes (Response Paper) - Essay Example ing to the analytical discussion of Dowd (1993), the experience and perspectives of the Native American Tribes had undergone various stages including development and challenges during the period of American Revolution from the year 1754 to 1781. During the early stage of the revolution, the Indians had experienced numerous obstacles to their continuous survival as a citizen on their own native lands at the early 18th century due to the controlling vied of the British and French. The British and French troops vied their prominent control over the American continent during the mid of eighteenth century whereas, the Native American communities continued seeking for expanding their colonial lands with various settlements. Aftermath the seven years’ of War with the British, the diplomatic situation and decisions of the Indian populations came under a more circumscribed position1. However, the outburst of the American Revolution in 1754 had imposed major consequences for the Indian colonies in North America, which can be stated as one of the most defining events of the Native Americans. During this stage, adequate understanding about the American Revolution was also advocated as a major contest for the Indian peoples along with their liberty within their own land. In this regard, many of the Indian colonies were sided with a hope of achieving victory with the British, which would stem continuous expansion of the Western countries. In this context, a Free Mason named Joseph Brant along with sister Mary Brant played a crucial role by moving communities away from neutrality policies and into an association with the diplomatic decisions of the British. In this regard, the role of few leaders such as Brant along with his sister and participation of few other front-runners from the Native American tribes can be also regarded as major defining aspects in the history of the Native American and the American Revolution2. After being achieved a successful revolution, the

Managing People organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing People organisation - Essay Example By 2003, Alstom Power Service had belted 13% of the market share of the power generation servicing industry and doubled their operating income from â‚ ¬ 200 million in 1999/2000 to â‚ ¬ million in 2003/4. Alstom Power Service grew from a non-entity to a major revenue earner for Alstom between 1999-2005. During this period after sales, service, provision of spares wing of the company with a workforce of 10000 that was considered a minor add on and low end service to the OEM business bloomed into a powerful arm of the company. The turnaround in the fortunes came by a disciplined and well trained work force meticulously following the strategies and goals laid down by its top management. The PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding risks associated with market growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for a business or organisation. The PESTLE Analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organisation or product is in the context of what is happening out side that will at some point effect what is happening inside an organisation. The PESTLE Analysis Tool and Template http://www.rapidbi.com/created/the-PESTLE-analysis-tool.html#PESTLEtemplete accessed on ) Political: Alstom Power Service was structured into seven units with five units representing one country only operations. In were separated in six regions where five of them represented five countries and others for global operations. The five units had one core expertise such as gas, steam turbines, and boiler technology. Within two years Alstom Power Service segment represented a global region with all of the units showing mutual interdependence to satisfy core technology needs of the people. With each of its region either operating in many countries of the world, the Alstom Power Service was open to global competition. Headquartered in Paris, it is a French

Compare the significance, ritual use, or cultural function or purpose Essay

Compare the significance, ritual use, or cultural function or purpose - Essay Example er, the two are also different from the structure, in which ijele is huge with a diameter of 183 cm and height of 366 cm, and also it is colorful and a form of entertainment. In contrast, nkisi is rather small, scary and represents gloom as opposed to entertainment. In addition, nkisi comes in different physical appearance and is curved in the shape of a human being while ijele has only one physical structure or design. Stupa is a Buddhist monument in the form of a hemispherical structure used by Buddhist as a place of meditation. Stupa is used ritually by the Buddhist to represent the five elements of life, earth, air, water, fire and space (Mitra 102). Therefore, they are used to honor living, and also a symbol of enlightenment. Iwan is also a monument like Stupa, but it is Persian and the only remaining ancient structure of Ctesiphon located near the town of Salman Pak,  Iraq. Iwan is the largest built arch found in the modern world, and it is only one, but Stupa are built in many places, particular where Buddists dwell and differ in sizes and sometimes

American labor system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American labor system - Essay Example Thus, laborers are actually the real workers and builders who are at the back of every successful industry and organization. The origin of this occupation can be dated back to the dawn of civilization when man had to subordinate high class individuals to win food and security. Today a laborer expects much more than this: salary, shelter, security, respect, acknwoledgement, comfortability and assurance. Though these ideals are appreciated by all, they are found quite rare even in the developed and civilized countries as America (Kirkegaard, 2007). Struggling against its prior notority of ‘slave labor’ and ‘child labor’, this state has still a long way to go to get an ideal life for laborers and workers. Hundreds of unions and movements raising voices for the rights, demands and needs of the common laborers are emerging and actively working in United States of America, but still the condition of laborers is not much healthier (Hill, 1985). The most voiced comp lain against American labor system is the offering of lower wages and lesser facilities in return of much harder work and long working hours. These poor souls receive no sympathy from the side of employers and administrators, and they are treated rather like animals (Fletcher & Gapasin, 2008). They receive poor pay back for their tiring efforts and have to pay fine in the form of deduction from the expected salary for any mistake. They are deprived of basic rights related to humanly respect, empathy and acknowledgement, and their coordinators even regard them no more than mere machines who are not supposed to cater any emotions and feelings at all and whose function is just to run and produce. The working conditions are even not much better for the workers and laborers. Unhygenic environment, stinking smells of the materials and chemicals, over-crowded working places, deafening noises of the machineries, poorly lit working halls as well as long hours of duty are causing much distres s and frustrations among this community ("Inter-american labor system," 1975). Their problems are not catered and their complaints are not paid heed to. The economic crisis and the ever rising inflation throughout the world have also affected this community a lot and many of the workers are persuaded to opt for double shifts and part-time jobs, as a result of which their physical and mental healths are at stake. To fight against all these problems and to bridge the gap between the lower workers and the higher communities, American Labour Movement was started and laborer unions were formed (Dubofsky & Van Tine, 1987). This concept got its strength in the late nineteenth century, probably in 1866, and today it has got a much organized form. The workers of a factory select a representative among themselves by mutual consent who is considered to be responsible for conveying the messages and demands between the workers and the employers (Sheldon, 1947). The world politics has not spared it and today laborer union is regarded as a possible and most alarming threat against an industry. Other than holding strikes and causing troubles for the administrators, these representative groups are charged of demanding unfairly. According to the assisstant manager of a local firm, â€Å"Sometimes the union leaders cross the legal lines and demand for more than their rights. Obviously, the company cannot encourage such attitude that often erects hurdles for progress†. On the other hand, the union representatives claim that these

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Business Environment - Essay Example According to Mishra (2011), it had market capitalization of about $220 billion as of spring 2010. It has implemented a multi-million dollar marketing campaign by slogan â€Å"Think Different† so that it can fulfil its objective of being the number one alternative for the customers of mobile device and computer industries. It has been stated by Schipanova (2008) that the main goal of the corporation is to differentiate its products from the competitors such as Dell, Microsoft, HP, Toshiba and others by offering its customers highly innovative and unique options. It aims to capture the leading position both in mobile device and PC industries by developing products with latest technology. In order to make sure that it is able to compete effectively, it has heavily invested in its Research and Development department and facilities so all offerings are free from any defects. One of the top-ranked companies in the technology sector is Elektron Technology UK Limited that is a subsidiary of Elektron Technology PLC that has been present in the market for many years. It has been offering top quality solutions to its customers by offering them instant solutions for monitoring and control, instrumentation and connectivity. The leading brands of the company are Sifam, Arcolectric, Carnation Designs, Bulgin, Queensgate and Digitron. The mission of the company is to provide superior quality components for electromechanical along with instrumentation products that have been developed with the latest technology without causing any damage to the environment. In order to achieve its desired mission, the main objective of the company is to constantly introduce new and innovative solutions to the customers so that they are able to meet the technological needs in the best possible way (Elektron Technology, 2012). From the analysis of mission and goals of both companies, it is

Individual Mindset Challenge Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Mindset Challenge - Assignment Example South Korean film industry emulated most modern production techniques from the U.S learning them from the Hollywood stars to restructure their film industry. Globalization of South Korean is a historical process spreading over centuries and should not be having links with westernization of a particular nation or culture. Globalization has significantly influenced different cultures towards its expansion in the global markets. Globalization can shape the traits of particular nation, community, or people. South Korea benefited much from globalization making the drastic changes from inferior to stable economic country in a very short period. South Korean used globalization to its advantage by increasing the interconnectivity with different countries and people using technology, pop culture, and trade, political and economic relationship. Its acceptance of globalization fostered positive international relations and economic development of the country. Absorption of South Korean culture by neighboring countries such as China, Japan, and Vietnam intensified the Korean adopted pop culture and other cultural platforms. Globalization has influenced South Korean culture including the television programs and film industry enabling South Korean pop culture to penetrate in Europe and North American countries. Korean globalization is termed as the Korean wave, which has been unique by creating unusual growth of local creative industries in neoliberal globalization. Korean creative industries have developed their personal, local cultural products and services making them the most successful contributors to Korean national economy. Korean wave has experienced a significant change with the development of digital technologies and social networking media such as You-Tube, social network sites (SNSs) and Smartphone’s in the 21 century. Local culture of various countries is supported by Korean wave through the digital

Ratios assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ratios - Assignment Example Average collection period can also be referred to as the number of days the sales are tied up in the accounts receivable. Thus, the average sales per day for the four years have been increasing. A snapshot on the yearly collection period, the year 20X1’s average is half the year 20X2’s average; this is a ratio of 1:2 associated with the increase in net sales by the same ratio. Inventory turnover measures the rate by which the inventory is used annually. From the computation, the rate at which inventory is used annually is 4, which is equal in the four years. This implies that inventory is used equally across the years. Current ratio measures solvency. This is the ratio between current assets and current liabilities. In the year 20X1, they current ratio is 3.333 which implies that for every one dollar of the current liabilities, the company has $3.333 in the current assets. For the year 20X2, the company has $1.90 in the current assets, in 20X3 the company has $1.542 and in 20X4 it has $1.339 in the current assets for every $1 of the current liabilities. This trend has been reducing from the 20X1 to 20X4. Quick ratio measures liquidity which is the number of dollars in cash and account receivable for every single dollar in the current liabilities. For the year 20X1, the company has a quick ratio of 1.333 which means that for every single dollar o current liabilities, the firm has $1.333 in the cash and accounts receivable to pay the liabilities. The trend of quick ratio is decrease from year 20X1 to 20X4, 1.333, 0.7, 0.541 to 0.459. Debt to equity measures the financial risk of the company which is the number of times dollars are owed for every single dollar in the net worth. From the computations, the year 20X1 has a quick to equity of 1.250 which means that for every single dollar of the net worth invested by the stockholders, the company owes $1.250 of the debt to the creditors. Hence, the trend of debt to equity for this

Should Corrections Be Date and Time Stamped Essay Example for Free

Should Corrections Be Date and Time Stamped Essay 1.Should corrections be date and time stamped? According to the American Medical Association, all medical records should be date and time stamped and should identify the corrector or the person that is making any changes of any sort. First, the individual making the correction needs to identify him or herself as having authorization to do so. Secondly, any corrections need to contain the date and time they took place so that if any questions were to arise they may be better referenced. Finally, all changes to a patient’s medical record must contain a list of people to notify of the changes. All of these steps are necessary without exception to protect the accuracy of a patient’s medical record. 2.When should a patient be advised of the existence of computerized databases containing medical information about the patient? A patient must understand how their medical records are being maintained. This is very important for confidentiality. Patients need to stay advised of the existence of computerized databases that contain their medical records before the records transfer to the staff entering them into the database. The patient is also to be advised as to whom will maintain their records and who will and will not have access to their medical records. Any person able to access the patient’s record through the computerized database needs to be identified to the patient before the records become part of the system. These steps are to ensure the patient that the right measures are being taken to keep their records confidential.

A Membrane-Enclosed Nucleus Essay Example for Free

A Membrane-Enclosed Nucleus Essay They are very smallindividually not more than one single cellhowever there are normally millions of them together, for they can multiply really fast. A number of bacteria cause disease, these are called pathogenic bacteria. Fortunately our immune system knows how to deal with them. However not all bacteria are bad guys. We need bacteria to stay alive. Bacteria are prokaryotes (single cells that do not contain a nucleus). Microbiology is the study of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Did you know that bacteria can get sick too. Bacteriophages are able to attach themselves to certain types of bacteria and inject their genetic material in the bacterial cell. Then, using the bacterial machinery, the DNA multiplies itself. Eventually from this multiplied genetic information so many new bacteriophages are formed that the cell bursts. The offspring of the bacteriophage has destroyed its bacterial host, and in so doing millions of new bacteriophages are released. These can attach themselves to new bacteria to complete their life cycle. With our immune system we defend ourselves against a bacterial infection. Antibiotics can help us win the battle. When you report a bacterial infection to your physician, you are probably prescribed antibiotics. The term antibiotics (literally against living things) is mainly used for substances that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria, as opposed to antiviral or antifungal substances. Antibiotics are not active against viral infections. Antibiotics are extremely important in medicine, but unfortunately bacteria can become resistant to them. Antibiotics have probably been around nearly as long as microorganisms have, and nature has provided bacteria with means to overcome their action. Resistance to antibiotics can become problematic, for it makes these powerful medicines completely ineffective. Some bacteria have learned to deal with practically all types of antibiotics we have available, and this can cause real problems in health institutions. Strict quarantine measures are needed to prevent the spread of such superbugs for we have little weapons left against them.

The Primary Music Curriculum Education Essay

The Primary Music Curriculum Education Essay My research is based on the primary music curriculum and about the teaching between the music specialists and the classroom teachers. I collected many data from books, articles, from an observation in a school and from my experience as a student who I was. To start with in the late nineteenth century the educational forum, the National Education Association, included a music section which music was recognised to be in the primary education (Jones and Robson, 2008). When then the National curriculum was determined it was compulsory for all the children in primary schools to attend the music curriculum which was a supplemented part of the school curriculum. In the music curriculum the three main musical skills are performance, listening and composing. Through the performance the children will be able to practice their voices in singing parts and perform different songs in their instruments. Through the listening they will be able to develop their audibility by hearing different sounds and songs and experiment with these. Also through the composing they will be able to develop their creativity and make different music patterns using some musical ideas. The primary music curriculum represented in key stage 1 which is the years 1 and 2 and key stage 2 which is the years 3 to 6. In key stage 1 the children should be able to recognise and identify musical materials and use them to describe an atmosphere or a dramatic situation (Swanwick, 1992). In this age the children start study music with so simple and interesting methods. Moreover during key stage 1 the children listen carefully and respond physically to a wide range of music. Also they play different instruments and they sing songs from memory using their fantasy (The national curriculum for England, 1999, p. 16). They experiment with simple musical instruments like recorder and some percussion and learn the songs with a specific way in order to remember the lyrics and make some movements. The children also learn the difference between the melody and the rhythm and how to experiment with these in their own compositions. As Swanwick (1992, p. 16) states the children in key stage 2 should be able to distinguish melodic and rhythmic devices found in songs and instrumental pieces and try to use them. During key stage 2, the children sing songs and play instruments with increasing confidence, skill and awareness of their own contribution to a group or class performance. Also they can improvise their own musical compositions and explore their thoughts and feelings for music from different cultures (The national curriculum for England, 1999, p. 18). The aim of the music curriculum is to make the children acquire some useful knowledge and also to feel confident and independent. For example the children until the end of year 2 in key stage 1 will learn to sing with a sense of the shape of the melody and perform simple melodic or rhythmic patterns keeping to a steady pulse (Music Teachers guide, 2000). By the end of year 4 in key stage 2 the children are able to perform different rhythmic patterns again but now with some notes included and also to improve their own compositions. Moreover until the end of year 6 in key stage 2 again, the children will learn to recognise the relationship between the sounds and perform by ear and from simple notations. Also they will have the opportunity to describe or characterise different kinds of music that they listen to with music vocabulary (Music Teachers guide, 2000). The music specialist has of course more knowledge in music than the classroom teacher, because he studied it and he made music training for many years in order to be worthy to teach to the students anything about music. This is also supported by Steinel (1990), who notes that certified music specialists have spent a minimum four years plus several precollegiate years training in music (Byo, 1999, p. 113). According to Hoffer (1961, p. 46), music specialist must be the leader in the classroom due to his advantage that he completed high music training. In my view it is a bit unfair the music specialist to be in a lower stage than the classroom teacher, because they do not have the same level in music knowledge. The music specialist is better to design the structure of the music lesson according to his own knowledge as he knows to organise it better from his experiences. This is also supported by Hoffer (1961, p. 46) who states that without the structuring efforts of the specialist no r eal musical progress will take place throughout the school. Through this, he wants to tell us that music specialist is very important for the music in schools, because he is the most suitable to organise an effective music lesson with a good structure. Moreover the music specialist is more able to teach some instruments to the students due to the knowledge and his experience that he has from his music training. As Hope and Lehman (1995) note, music specialists receive comprehensive training in music performance and theory (Byo, 1999, p. 114). So through the performance aspect, the music specialists can experiment with different instruments and be familiar with them in order to be able to teach them to the students with a good teaching method. Also if there are music specialists at primary schools the lessons will operate with more confidence and the students will understand better the meaning of music and acquire abilities and knowledge in everything; playing instruments, singing, about the history and theory of music through teachers experience and abilities. As Hennessy (1998) also states, music teachers with many years training are very important in primary schools for their specialist skills and knowledge, because they give mor e emphasis to the curriculum and they follow it on the right way. It seems that music specialists can follow exactly the curriculum without change something and accomplish to deliver it effectively, because they are expert in it and they also know what teaching methods have to use and when each one. According to Picerno (1970) the classroom teachers feel they can teach to the students about the music literature, some songs and plan a program for the music lesson. Also the classroom teachers feel that they cannot teach about conducting, music theory and music history and it is better the music specialists to teach these skills. (Picerno, 1970). I agree with this statement, because the classroom teachers do not have so high standards as music specialists in order to be able to teach the music in depth. They can just teach simple elements in music such as different kinds of songs and activities which have also help from Music Express scheme. Music Express scheme is a guide for non-specialized teachers in order to have help on what they can teach and how. Through the observation, I noticed that the classroom teachers learn from different readings and guides and then teach just the basic from the music curriculum. Hoffer (1961) notes that some persons believe that classroom teachers are able to teach at least some important things about the music curriculum, but they need the help of the specialists with some workshops and advices. According to Gamble (1988, p. 26) the classroom teachers provide the fundamentals of learning that students use later throughout their lives. This is right but I think it is apply just if the classroom teachers have help and support from a music specialist to give them some important guidance. Also Hoffer (1961, p. 45) states that some experiences have shown that classroom teachers even with the workshops, they cannot teach single-handedly a completely satisfactory music lesson. In my view Hoffer is right and not the people, because it is logical that it is impossible for the classroom teachers to know everything about the music curriculum, because many years of experience are required and also further knowledge in music education especially practical in a universit y or a college. Nevertheless there are some classroom teachers that wish not to teach music which is natural and they do it just because it is in their obligation to be able to teach all the subjects. In this case it seems that these teachers cannot teach music with success, because every teacher must like and find interesting the subject that he teaches in order to make the students also to be interested and concentrated on it. In contrast with music specialists who like to teach music and this is implicit and also this is the proof that they study it so many years and they teach it with so affection. This is also supported by Hoffer (1961, p. 45) who notes that some classroom teachers have extra music training and are proficient in teaching the subject but some others have no ability or interest in teaching music. This means that some classroom teachers may have the music knowledge that a music specialist has and some others may have anything, because they do not like to accomplish with this subje ct. Moreover Rainbow (1971, p. 1) states that the teacher who teaches music must be able to infect his students with his enthusiasm. So the teacher must like music in order to be able to teach it to the students effectively and also to take out his feelings about music and make the students to feel the same. Both Hoffer and Rainbow mention the same statement and it seems to agree with my own view; that if the students see their classroom teachers during the music lesson to express a bad feeling about music or that they do not want to teach it, then the students will ignore the lesson and will not be interested. But with music specialists this will not happen, because they all like music and teach it with very enthusiasm. Classroom teachers it seems that due to the non-training about music education who have, feel that they cannot teach music and they have lack of confidence. They do not know if they teach on the right way or not and if the students are able to understand what he teaches them. This is also supported by Jeanneret (1997, p. 37) who notes that from a research that she did in some countries like Australia, Great Britain and North America, the classroom teachers are responsible to teach music in their classrooms and they have a negative attitude towards music and lack of confidence to teach it. In my view a good point for the classroom teachers to teach music is that they know better the students; their character, their preferences because they are all the day together and they can teach them better regarding their interests. This is also supported by Mills (2005) who notes that the students can learn more things by a classroom teacher who knows them will rather than a teacher who is expert in music, but he does not know how the students work and their personalities. So this is a disadvantage for the music specialists who see the students just once a week and they cannot come close enough to them in order to know what they like to listen or how each student like to work. According to Hoffer (1961, p. 45) if the classroom teachers do not contribute in the music lesson, then the music program will become detached from the rest of the school curriculum. From that angle, he is right, because all the subjects are taught from classroom teachers and if the teachers leave out music is like ignoring music as a subject or considering music as a subject of less importance. According to Hennessy (1998), classroom teachers think that they cannot teach music, because they have no background in music education and they cannot read music. Hennessy (1998, p. 14) also mentions that these teachers usually have the abilities to play by ear, improvise and accomplish better with pop, folk or jazz styles. Personally I find my self disagree with this, because the classroom teachers are not in the position to teach music so well, if they do not have just a bit background of music education or if they do not attend a music workshop before. It seems these to be important, because they have to receive the main elements of music and some good teaching methods in order to be able to deliver the music curriculum to the students and have a successfully music lesson. According to an Ofsted report (Making more of music: Improving the quality of music teaching in primary schools, 2009, p. 3) the classroom teachers are able to provide a good music teaching when they are suppor ted effectively. It seems that the author wants to states that if the classroom teacher has help and useful guides from the music specialist, then he will be able to teach music well. This is a difference between a classroom teacher and a music specialist. The music specialist can teach music curriculum alone with his own mind, experiences and knowledge, but the classroom teacher needs a support to be able to starts and complete his teaching. Mills (2005, p. 28) notes that good teaching leads to students learning. By this, she wants to tell us that there is no importance if the teacher that teaches music has a music degree; if is the music specialist or the classroom teacher. The most important is that anybody from these teachers who teach music must do it very effective. According to Hennessy (1998) the classroom teachers are able to teach until year 4, because the music curriculum is easier to teach it at this stage, but in years 5-6 the music specialists are more able to teach it, because it is more complicated and more musical experience is required. The classroom teachers are able to teach during the beginning years, because except from a music guide to help them, they can also experiment easier and simple with the teaching and also using their fantasy. In later years this is difficult, because the standards go up and the music curriculum has more challenges towards the teacher. So a music specialist is more necessar y to teach it, because he can infect to the students his music knowledge through his experiences and his abilities to the music activities. To conclude, my own view is that music specialists can teach music more effectively than the classroom teachers at primary schools due to their experiences, their skills, their knowledge, their music training courses and the confidence they feel when they make in practice all of these. They know how to organise the music lesson better and how to teach each part of the lesson such as the performance, the listening and the composing in order to have a formative lesson and the students to be interested and familiar with music. Nevertheless I believe that the classroom teachers if they have a bit background about music and with the help of music guide, they will be able to teach music as well but until an extent. This is because they have the advantage that they know the students very well and they teach them based on the general progress of the students and they also help each student separately to improve his skills. Personally when I was a child in primary school my teacher was a music specialist and I gained a lot from her. That is why I believe that music specialists can teach music very effectively. She helped me to acquire the fundamental things which I had to know in music in that age and also to be interested in music. She taught me how to play some instruments, to sing, to learn some important elements of music such as the rhythm, notation, melody and different others. She did not know me and the other students very well, because she was seeing us just two days per week, but she was able to teach us music and also all the students were attend the lesson very carefully. Of course I am not sure if this happens with all the music specialists. As I mentioned above some authors state that this happen with the classroom teachers and that is an advantage for them to teach music better. So I think it is depends on the character of the teacher if he/she can teach music well and from his teaching m ethods except from his knowledge about music and not if he is a music specialist or not. The most important is the teacher; either the music specialist or the classroom teacher to transmit to the students his love and interest about music in order the students to be able to participate easier in the music lesson. All the weight and the organisation of the lesson is based on the teacher, because it depends on him if the lesson will be effective or not.

Physics of the Heart Essay -- physics heart

In the US, heart attacks kill more people than any other single cause. Many of the deaths are caused by electrical disturbances in a damaged heart that cause it to fibrillate (Pool). Despite current overwhelming interest in the operations of the human heart, for most of history the human heart has been regarded as a "forbidden organ too delicate to tamper with" (NOVA). In fact, it might have remained so, were it not for World War II where military doctors, faced with massive numbers of injuries ushered the world into our current medical trajectory. Your body has about 5.6 liters of blood. All of this blood circulates through the body three times every minute. In one day, the blood travels a total of 12,000 miles (NOVA). Rhythmic contractions of the heart pump blood occur in response to electrical control pulse sequences. Active cells in the sinoatrial node in the heart trigger a sequence of electrical events that control muscle contractions, which pump the blood. Scientific interest in the heart goes back centuries. Some of the most basic understandings about the operation and specifically the electrical currents of the heart were discussed during the May 17, 1888 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London by Professor J.A. McWilliam of the University of Aberdeen. The following conclusions were based on his studies of mammalian hearts in cats, dogs, rabbits, rats, hedgehogs, and guinea-pigs. * An all or nothing approach to heart contraction o If a stimulus was strong enough to excite contraction, it produced a maximal contraction * The application of interrupted currents induces fibrillar contractions which can be recovered from even after long period under the combined influence of artificial respira... ...n that prevents the heart from immediately contracting again. Bibliography 1. "Cactus Picture" March 16, 2005. 2. Campbell, Neil A. (2002) "Biology" 6th edition. Benjamin Cummings. San Francisco, CA. 3. Kay, Ian. (1998) "Introduction to Animal Physiology" Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 4. McWilliam, J.A. (1888) "On the Rhythm of the Mammalian Heart" Froceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 44, pages 206-208. 5. NOVA. " Cut to the Heart† PBS Online 1997. 6. Pool, Robert. (1990) â€Å"Heart Like a Wheel† Science, Vol. 247, No. 4948, pages 1294-1295. 7. Putnam, Jeremiah L. "Heart Diagram" Professor of Biology. Davidson College. 8. Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. (1997) "Animal Physiology: Adaptation and environment" Fifth Edition. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY.

The Trail of Tears Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

The Trail of Tears I walked into the room on New Year’s Day and felt a sudden twinge of fear. My eyes already hurt from the tears I had shed and those tears would not stop even then the last viewing before we had to leave. She lay quietly on the bed with her face as void of emotion as a sheet of paper without the writing. Slowly, I approached the cold lifeless form that was once my mother and gave her a goodbye kiss. I looked around at everyone in the room and saw the sorrow in their eyes. My eyes first fell on my grandmother, usually the beacon of strength in our family. My grandmother looked as if she had been crying for a very long period of time. Her face looked more wrinkled than before underneath the wild, white hair atop her head. The face of this once youthful person now looked like a grape that had been dried in the sun to become a raisin. Her hair looked like it had not been brushed since the previous day as if created from high wispy clouds on a bright sunny day. Being my twin, Dylan gave me a slight look into what I looked like at the present time. The area around my brother’s eyes looked as though he was having a bad day with allergies. His face was as grim as a gargoyle’s, its stone eyes reflecting forever the scream that would never issue forth from its throat. Gazing upon my sister, it was as though she had been replaced by her complete opposite. Where once her face had been covered with smiles all of the time, her face was now contorted with grief, and it looked like she would never smile again. Her look could only be described as a small child who has lost a toy in the sand box. The machines to my right gave a loud hum as they continued to monitor my mother’s heartbeat, pulse,... ...that the body was in, once the contents of the room left, the room was no longer important. Once the room was empty, we no longer wanted to be there or associated with it. The same goes for the body; it was not that we really needed the body but the soul that was contained therein. The body was wanted but not really of great importance because of what was gone. Therefore, the lesson was that the body was a container for the soul and not all that important. If we had no need for the body to be happy, then the soul was what made us happy. We did not need the body and were reminded that the soul went on to another place which gave us reason to stop grieving and move on with our lives. Works Cited: Mckay, D. (2004, February 20). I ask myself why? Post Poems.com Retrieved February 21, 2004, from http://www.postpoems.com/ cgibin/displaypoem.cgi?pid=304934

the paper -- essays research papers

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Individuals have long been intrigued by the notion that persons’ expectations can become a reality. These are commonly referred to as self-fulfilling prophecies. Early scientific work in this area examined the Pygmalion effect—when superiors' high expectations of their subordinates' performance are fulfilled. Since this inception, many replication studies have examined this effect within various contexts and settings—e.g., schools, government, and military. Studies of the Pygmalion effect have identified that a key mechanism through which leaders' expectations influence their followers is by raising the followers’ self-expectations, confidence, or self-efficacy. As a widely researched and generally accepted model of motivation, self-efficacy has been defined as â€Å"people’s judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances". Persons’ level of self-efficacy has been associated with individual choices, goals, level of effort, skill acquisition, emotional reactions, persistence in the face of real or perceived obstacles and pressures, and intrinsic interest. Therefore it has been found to be related to a variety of outcomes such as job search behaviors and re-employment, better negotiation role-play outcomes athletic performance and occupational life path choices. Even more powerful than the Pygmalion effect, the Galatea effect is a compelling factor in employee performanc...

Gender Bias in Education Essay

â€Å"Sitting in the same classroom, reading the same textbook, listening to the same teacher, boys and girls receive very different educations.† (Sadker, 1994) In fact, upon entering school, girls perform equal to or better than boys on nearly every measure of achievement, but by the time they graduate high school or college, they have fallen behind. (Sadker, 1994) However, discrepancies between the performance of girls and the performance of boys in elementary education leads some critics to argue that boys are being neglected within the education system: Across the country, boys have never been in more trouble: They earn 70 percent of the D’s and F’s that teachers dole out. They make up two thirds of students labeled â€Å"learning disabled.† They are the culprits in a whopping 9 of 10 alcohol and drug violations and the suspected perpetrators in 4 out of 5 crimes that end up in juvenile court. They account for 80 percent of high school dropouts and attention deficit disorder diagnoses. (Mulrine, 2001) This performance discrepancy is notable throughout Canada. In Ontario, Education Minister Janet Ecker said that the results of the standardized grade 3 and grade 6 testing in math and reading showed, â€Å"†¦persistent and glaring discrepancies in achievements and attitudes between boys and girls.† (O’Neill, 2000) In British Columbia, standardized testing indicates that girls outperform boys at all levels of reading and writing and in Alberta testing shows that girls, â€Å"†¦significantly outperform boys on reading and writing tests, while almost matching them in math and science.† (O’Neill, 2000) However, the American Association of University Women published a report in 1992 indicating that females receive less attention from teachers and the attention that female students do receive is often more negative than attention received by boys. (Bailey, 1992) In fact, examination of the socialization of gender within schools and evidence of a gender biased hidden curriculum demonstrates that girls are shortchanged in the classroom. Furthermore, there is significant research indicating steps that can be taken to minimize or eliminate the gender bias currently present in our education system. The socialization of gender within our schools assures that girls are made aware that they are unequal to boys. Every time students are seated or lined up by gender, teachers are affirming that girls and boys should be treated differently. When an administrator ignores an act of sexual harassment, he or she is allowing the degradation of girls. When different behaviors are tolerated for boys than for girls because ‘boys will be boys’, schools are perpetuating the oppression of females. There is some evidence that girls are becoming more academically successful than boys, however examination of the classroom shows that girls and boys continue to be socialized in ways that work against gender equity. Teachers socialize girls towards a feminine ideal. Girls are praised for being neat, quiet, and calm, whereas boys are encouraged to think independently, be active and speak up. Girls are socialized in schools to recognize popularity as being important, and learn that educational performance and ability are not as important. â€Å"Girls in grades six and seven rate being popular and well-liked as more important than being perceived as competent or independent. Boys, on the other hand, are more likely to rank independence and competence as more important.† (Bailey, 1992) This socialization of femininity begins much earlier than the middle grades. At very early ages, girls begin defining their femininities in relation to boys. One study of a third grade classroom examined four self-sorted groups of girls within the classroom: the nice girls, the girlies, the spice girls and the tomboys. Through interviews researcher Diane Reay found that ‘nice girls’ was considered a derogatory term indicating, â€Å"†¦an absence of toughness and attitude.† (Reay, 2001) Furthermore, the girlies were a group of girls who focused their time on flirting with and writing love letters to boys, the tomboys were girls who played sports with the boys, and the spice girls espoused girl-power and played ‘rate-the-boy’ on the playground. Reay’s research shows that each of the groups of girls defined their own femininities in relation to boys. (2001) The Reay study further demonstrates how socialization of girls occurs at the school level by tolerating different behaviors from boys than from girls. Assertive behavior from girls is often seen as disruptive and may be viewed more negatively by adults. In Reay’s study, the fact that the spice girls asserted themselves in ways contrary to traditional femininity caused them to be labeled by teachers as â€Å"real bitches†. (2001) This reinforces the notion that â€Å"†¦girls’ misbehavior to be looked upon as a character defect, whilst boys’ misbehavior is viewed as a desire to assert themselves.† (Reay, 2001) A permissive attitude towards sexual harassment is another way in  which schools reinforce the socialization of girls as inferior. â€Å"When schools ignore sexist, racist, homophobic, and violent interactions between students, they are giving tacit approval to such behaviors.† (Bailey, 1992) Yet boys are taunted for throwing like a girl, or crying like a girl, which implies that being a girl is worse than being a boy. According to the American Association of University Women Report, â€Å"The clear message to both boys and girls is that girls are not worthy of respect and that appropriate behavior for boys includes exerting power over girls — or over other, weaker boys.† (Bailey, 1992) Clearly the socialization of gender is reinforced at school, â€Å"Because classrooms are microcosms of society, mirroring its strengths and ills alike, it follows that the normal socialization patterns of young children that often lead to distorted perceptions of gender roles are reflected in the classrooms.† (Marshall, 1997) Yet gender bias in education reaches beyond socialization patterns, bias is embedded in textbooks, lessons, and teacher interactions with students. This type of gender bias is part of the hidden curriculum of lessons taught implicitly to students through the every day functioning of their classroom. In Myra and David Sadker’s research, they noted four types of teacher responses to students: teacher praises, providing positive feedback for a response; teacher remediates, encouraging a student to correct or expand their answer; teacher criticizes, explicitly stating that the answer is incorrect; teacher accepts, acknowledging that a student has responded. The Sadkers found that boys were far more likely to receive praise or remediation from a teacher than were girls. The girls were most likely to receive an acknowledgement response from their teacher. (Sadker, 1994) These findings are confirmed by a 1990 study by Good and Brophy that â€Å"†¦noted that teachers give boys greater opportunity to expand ideas and be animated than they do girls and that they reinforce boys more for general responses than they do for girls.† (Marshall, 1997) Beyond teacher responses, special services in education appear to be applied more liberally to boys than to girls. Research shows that boys are referred for testing for gifted programs twice as often as girls, which may be because, â€Å"†¦giftedness is seen as aberrant, and girls strive to conform.† (Orenstein, 1994) Boys represent more than two-thirds of all students in special education programs and there is a higher the proportion of male  students receiving diagnoses that are considered to be subjective. While medical reports indicate that learning disabilities occur in nearly equal numbers of in boys and girls, it may be the case that, â€Å"Rather than identifying learning problems, school personnel may be mislabeling behavioral problems. Girls who sit quietly are ignored; boys who act out are placed in special programs that may not meet their needs.† (Bailey, 1992) Gender bias is also taught implicitly through the resources chosen for classroom use. Using texts that omit contributions of women, that tokenize the experiences of women, or that stereotype gender roles, further compounds gender bias in schools’ curriculum. While research shows that the use of gender-equitable materials allows students to have more gender-balanced knowledge, to develop more flexible attitudes towards gender roles, and to imitate role behaviors contained in the materials (Klein, 1985) schools continue to use gender-biased texts: Researchers at a 1990 conference reported that even texts designed to fit within the current California guidelines on gender and race equity for textbook adoption showed subtle language bias, neglect of scholarship on women, omission of women as developers of history and initiators of events, and absence of women from accounts of technological developments. (Bailey, 1992) Clearly the socialization of gender roles and the use of a gender-biased hidden curriculum lead to an inequitable education for boys and girls. What changes can be made to create a more equitable learning environment for all children? First, teachers need to be made aware of their gender-biased tendencies. Next, they need to be provided with strategies for altering the behavior. Finally, efforts need to be made to combat gender bias in educational materials. A study by Kelly Jones, Cay Evans, Ronald Byrd, and Kathleen Campbell (2000) used analysis of videotaped lessons in order to introduce teachers to their own gender-biased behavior. Requiring in-service programs to address gender bias in the classroom will make teachers more aware of their own behaviors: â€Å"As a teacher, I was struck by the Sadkers’ research on classroom exchanges and was forced to acknowledge the disproportionate amount of time and energy, as well as the different sorts of attention, I give to male students.† (McCormick, 1995) Once teachers have recognized their gender-biased behaviors, they need to be provided with resources to help them change. In their study focusing on how the effects of  a gender resource model would affect gender-biased teaching behaviors, Jones, Evans, Burns, and Campbell (2000) provided teachers with a self-directed module aimed at reducing gender bias in the classroom. The module contained research on gender equity in the classroom, specific activities to reduce stereotypical thinking in students, and self-evaluation worksheets for teachers. The findings from this study support the hypothesis that â€Å"†¦female students would move from a position of relative deficiency toward more equity in total interactions†¦.† (Jones, 2000) This demonstrates that teachers who are made aware of their gender-biased teaching behaviors and then provided with strategies and resources to combat bias are better able to promote gender equity in their classrooms. However, beyond changing their own teaching behaviors, teachers need to be aware of the gender bias imbedded in many educational materials and texts and need to take steps to combat this bias. Curriculum researchers have established six attributes that need to be considered when trying to establish a gender-equitable curriculum. Gender-fair materials need to acknowledge and affirm variation. They need to be inclusive, accurate, affirmative, representative, and integrated, weaving together the experiences, needs, and interests of both males and females. (Bailey, 1992) â€Å"We need to look at the stories we are telling our students and children. Far too many of our classroom examples, storybooks, and texts describe a world in which boys and men are bright, curious, brave, inventive, and powerful, but girls and women are silent, passive, and invisible.† (McCormick, 1995) Furthermore, teachers can help students identify gender-bias in texts and facilitate critical discussions as to why that bias exists. Gender bias in education is an insidious problem that causes very few people to stand up and take notice. The victims of this bias have been trained through years of schooling to be silent and passive, and are therefore unwilling to stand up and make noise about the unfair treatment they are receiving. â€Å"Over the course of years the uneven distribution of teacher time, energy, attention, and talent, with boys getting the lion’s share, takes its toll on girls.† (Sadker, 1994) Teachers are generally unaware of their own biased teaching behaviors because they are simply teaching how they were taught and the subtle gender inequities found in teaching materials are often overlooked. Girls and boys today are receiving separate and unequal educations due to the gender  socialization that takes place in our schools and due to the sexist hidden curriculum students are faced with every day. Unless teachers are made aware of the gender-role socialization and the biased messages they are unintentionally imparting to students everyday, and until teachers are provided with the methods and resources necessary to eliminate gender-bias in their classrooms, girls will continue to receive an inequitable education. Departments of education should be providing mandatory gender-equity resource modules to in-service teachers, and gender bias needs to be addressed with all pre-service teachers. Educators need to be made aware of the bias they are reinforcing in their students through socialization messages, inequitable division of special education services, sexist texts and materials, and unbalanced time and types of attention spent on boys and girls in the classroom. â€Å"Until educational sexism is eradicated, more than half our children will be shortchanged and their gifts lost to society.† (Sadker, 1994) References  Bailey, S. (1992) How Schools Shortchange Girls: The AAUW Report. New York, NY: Marlowe & Company. Jones, K., Evans, C., Byrd, R., Campbell, K. (2000) Gender equity training and teaching behavior. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 27 (3), 173-178. Klein, S. (1985) Handbook for Achieving Sex Equity Through Education. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Marshall, C.S. & Reihartz, J. (1997) Gender issues in the classroom. Clearinghouse, 70 (6), 333-338. McCormick, P. (1995) Are girls taught to fail? U.S. Catholic, 60, (2), 38-42. Mulrine, A. (2001) Are Boys the Weaker Sex? U.S. News & World Report, 131 (4), 40-48. O’Neill, T. (2000) Boys’ problems don’t matter. Report/ Newsmagazine (National Edition), 27 (15), 54-56. Orenstein, P. (1994) Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem and the Confidence Gap. New York, NY: Doubleday. Reay, D. (2001) ‘Spice girls’, ‘Nice Girls’, ‘Girlies’, and ‘Tomboys†; gender discourses. Girls’ cultures and femininities in the primary classroom. Gender and Education, 13 (2), 153-167. Sadker, D., Sadker, M. (1994) Failing at Fairness: How Our Schools Cheat Girls. Toronto, ON: Simon & Schuster Inc.

Administrative Competence of Local Officials Essay

Explain what mechanisms would you suggest to improve the administrative competence of local officials to make local government units effective partners of the national government in the development of the country? With the changing concept of local governance, the local government personnel should be qualified and highly trained for their enabling or facilitative functions. A basic question that is raised is, do they have the competence to perform the enabling functions of local government? In the Philippines, both national and local governments have the responsibility to develop and improve the competencies of the local government personnel. The Civil Service Commission (CSC) and the Local Government Academy (LGA) of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) are mandated by law to build HR capabilities at the local level. See more: Beowulf essay essay The CSC either conducts training activities through its regional 8 offices throughout the country or through its accredited training institutions. Through its regional offices, the CSC has been conducting courses for all state workers which cover the following general areas: supervisory, middle management, clerical or secretarial, technical or professional, values development, employee development, induction, and orientation or reorientation. To develop optimistic work attitudes among the state workers, the CSC offered and administered values development programs which included the Alay Sa Bayan (Offering to the Nation) training program. The CSC has also been touching base with the local government executives through the various Local Government Executive For a. Through this mechanism, the local government executives are updated on the latest civil service laws, rules and regulations and other relevant provisions of the Code. The program is focused on developing and strengthening the managerial and leadership skills of local officials. Training programs are designed to enhance skills and knowledge of employees to make them more effective in their jobs. These are centered on orientation and reorientation; values development; updating of skills for supervisors, middle managers, clerical force, and technical or professional employees; and personnel development. These imply that the kind of training that they receive would make them more effective service providers.

Questions on Psychology

1.Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances?A. Plant-based psychoactive drugs are uncommon today and rarely used. B. Today marijuana is the only plant-based psychoactive substance that is still used. C. All plants that yield psychoactive substances are illegal today. D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal.2. The Gin Epidemic†¦E. is a mythF. was brought under control through high taxes and the strict regulation of the sale of ginG. devastated the Middle EastH. is a current problem3. The British encouraged the planting of hemp in the new American colonies for which of the following reasons?I. to provide England with strong fibers from which it could make rope and sails for its shipsJ. to produce psychoactive drugs derived from cannabis that could be sold to other countriesK. to ensure that the colonists would be high most of the time and therefore easier to control L. as a means of payment to slave laborers4. Listed below are three different sequential variations of drugs in the opiate family.Which one accurately represents the order in which the drugs were discovered and used (from left to right, representing oldest to newest drug forms).M. opium, heroin, morphineN. morphine, opium, hydromorphoneO. opium, morphine, heroinP. hydromorphone, morphine, heroin 5. According to the authors of Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, a psychoactive drug is defined as†¦Q. any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous systemR. any substance that is illicit or illegalS. those substance that cause numbness and drowsinessT. hose substances that cause increased energy and alertness6. The most rapid route of administering a drug to reach the brain is intravenously.U. trueV. false7. To titrate a drug means to continuously regulate the amount of drug you are receiving.W. trueX. false8. The physical, mental, and emotional effects a person experiences from taking psychoactive drugs are caused by the modification or mimicking of the neurotransmitters’ function.Y. trueZ. false9. A person’s level of emotional and physical stress can increase the ability of psychoactive drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier.truefalse10. Active transport occurs when fat-soluble drugs pass from an area where there is a higher concentration of a drug to an area of lower concentration.truefalse11. Passive transport occurs when water-soluble drugs such as cocaine cross the blood-brain barrier by hitching a ride on molecules that cross the blood-brain barrier. _.truefalse12. Regardless of which method a person uses to consume a psychoactive drug, the drug reaches the brain through the bloodstream.a. trueb. false13. The more rapidly a psychoactive drug reaches its central nervous ystem target, the less the reward and the lower the reinforcing effect.c. trued. false14. The central nervous system is composed of the spinal cord and the brain.e. truef. false15. The compulsive gambler’s reward/control pathway in the brain becomes hijacked similar to the ways the brain becomes rewired from alcohol and other drug addiction.g. trueh. false16. On which part of the body does long-term use of stimulants (e. g. , nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) have the most significant impact?i. skeletal systemj. muscular systemk. digestive system . cardiovascular system17. The neurotransmitter most often involved in the use of strong stimulants is dopamine, which triggers feelings of†¦m. hunger satisfaction/satietyn. apathyo. extreme thirstp. emotional depression18. Cocaine epidemics†¦q. last for centuriesr. occur in cycles every few generationss. are fictitioust. have been exaggerated19. Which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high?u. chewing pure coca leavesv. snorting powdered cocainew. smoking crack cocainex. ingestion of cocaine in a beverage 20.20. How long wi ll the high from snorting a typical dose of powder cocaine (0. 2 to 0. 5 grams) generally last?y. 1 minutez. 5 to 20 minutes {. 40 to 60 minutes |. 2 to 3 hours21. How long will the high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally last? }.1 minute ~.5 to 20 minutes40 to 60 minutes2 to 3 hours22. How long will the high from a typical oral or snorted dose of amphetamine generally last? .40 to 60 minutes1 to 2 hours2 to 3 hours4 to 6 hours23. The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in the United States today is due to the involvement of†¦ .iker gangs like the Hell’s Angelsrenegade pharmaceutical and industrial chemists.Mexican gangs and drug cartelsColombian cartels24. Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as†¦inverse tolerancenegative drug reinforcementpositive drug reinforcementreverse tolerance25. Which of the following best describes how the first cigarette of the day affects a smoker ?increases blood pressure and heart ratestimulates appetitesatisfies the nicotine craving for the rest of the dayall of the above26. What is the half-life of caffeine? . 40 minutes . 1 to 2 hours . 3 to 7 hours . 24 to 48 hours27. Among those who try a cigarette, what percentage will become daily habitual smokers? . 10% . 25% . 50% . 80%28. Which of the following best describes one of the health benefits of quitting smoking? . The risk of heart attack is eliminated within a week of quitting. . Lung cancer rates to drop to the rate of nonsmokers after 40 years of nonsmoking. . Within just 20 minutes of quitting, blood pressure, pulse rate, and temperature of hands and feet drop to normal. Within five days coughing, sinus congestion, and shortness of breath decrease.29. Drinking alcohol before using cocaine will do which of the following? 1. prolong and intensify cocaine’s effects 2. cancel each other out because one is a stimulant and one is a depressant 3. create cocaethylene , which increases violent tendencies 4. create narcalon, which decreases the stimulant effects of cocaine . results 2 and 4 only . results 1 and 3 only . results 1, 2, 3, and 4 . none of the above30. Prolonged use of strong stimulants (e. g. , cocaine, methamphetamine) results in which of the following? . depletion of the body’s energy resources 2. enhancement of the body’s energy resources 3. cellular and organ damage 4. paranoia . results 1 and 4 only . results 2, 3, and 4 only . results 1, 3, and 4 only . results 2 and 3 only31. The primary illegitimate source for obtaining prescription drugs, such as OxyContin, Vicodin, and Xanax, is over the Internet. . true . false32. The number of people in the United States who overdose on heroin is greater than the number who overdose on any other type of opioid, including hydrocodone, oxycodone, and methadone. . true . false33.Treatment for addiction to opiates requires physical detoxification and psychological correction. . true . false34. Using a needle continuously to inject drugs in the same blood vessels can cause them to collapse. . true . false35. An individual who is under the influence of heroin will have dilated pupils. . true . false36. Depressants affect the central nervous system by elevating the user’s blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and respiration. . true . false37. Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines. true . false38. Human beings have naturally occurring (endogenous) opioids, which cause many of the same effects as those caused by taking opioid drugs (exogenous). . true . false39. The majority of heroin available in the United States comes from Afghanistan. . true . false40. Opiates block the release of substance P, which is the name of the neurotransmitter that transmits pain messages from nerve cell to nerve cell. . true . false41. The â€Å"stop† switch in the brain, which tells your mind and body that it has had enough and disrupts the addictive cycle, is located in the brain stem. true . false42. Overdose deaths involving opioids most commonly include their combined use with other legal or licit substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or antidepressants. . true . false43. One of the symptoms of chronic opiate use is itchy skin. . true . false44. Law enforcement and treatment personnel can get a strong indication of what type of drug a person is using from the size of his pupils. . true . false45. Opioids, such as hydrocodone (Vicodin), usually suppress nausea and vomiting. . true . false46.Psychedelics come only from natural plant sources. . true . false47. Synesthesia is defined as the crossing of senses, such as when visual input becomes sound. . true . false48. The entire U. S. supply of LSD for one year weighs about 11 pounds. A. true B. false49. In addition to their psychedelic effects, all arounders also depress the central nervous system. . true . false50. The strength of LSD/â€Å"acid† available on the streets today is stronger than the LSD/â€Å"acid† that was widely available on the streets in the 1960s and 1970s. . true . false51.Tolerance to LSD develops quickly, within days of daily use. . true . false52. Marijuana is not addictive and does not induce compulsive use. . true . false53. Psilocybin mushrooms cause less disassociation, panic, and psychotic reactions compared with LSD. . true . false54. People who take LSD may experience flashbacks (re-experiencing symptoms of a trip) that are similar to post-traumatic stress disorder. . true . false55. A â€Å"fry† is a marijuana joint dipped in formaldehyde or embalming fluid, dried, and then smoked. . true . false56. Hashish is made from†¦ pressed psilocybin mushrooms . cannabis resin . synthetic chemical compounds . tobacco57. Marijuana has been illegal in the United States since†¦ . 1776 . 1850 . 1937 . 149258. A s of 2011 an ounce of marijuana in the United States costs†¦ . $100 to $150 . $200 to $400 . $500 to $600 . $800 to $1,00059. Marijuana in the urine of a regular user is detectable for†¦ . 1 to 2 days . 7 to 14 days . 3 to 6 weeks . 3 to 6 months60. The hallucinating effects of salvia divinorum last for†¦ . 30 minutes . 1 to 2 hours . 6 to 8 hours . 12 to 24 hours